Ch # 16 Autonomic Nervous system & higher order functions

Question 1

What neuron runs from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion?

Answer 1

preganglionic neuron

Question 2

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

=>We have three neurons
one descend from primary motor cortex to the spinal cord then second go to postganglionic neuron as preganglionic
=> effectors
Glands, smooth muscle and adipose.
=> Response to neurotransmitter

Question 3

structural comparison helps us understand
how visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic reflex arcs

Answer 3

-short reflex includes two neurons as somatic
- long reflex arc includes three neurons as visceral

Question 4

Efferent pathway for SNA

Answer 4

Lower motor neurons has cell body in brainstem or spinal cord, axon leaves and synapses with the effector (skeletal muscle)

Question 5

efferent pathway for ANS

Answer 5

two neurons chain starting at brianstem
or spinal cord
preganglionic neuron with cell body in CNS, axon leaves
ganglionic (postganglionic) neuron with cell body in ganglia

Question 6

NTs for SNS

Answer 6

Ach always has excitatory effect on the skeletal muscle. Ach degrades quickly from synapses and it is short-lived.

Question 7

NTs for ANS of sympathetic

Answer 7

Norepinephrine (NE) - this is present at level where ganglionic neurons acts on effector
Ach - present at the end of preganglionic neuron
NE is longer-lived than Ach

Question 8

NTs for ANS of parasympathetic

Answer 8

Ach
excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor at both ends of pre and post ganglionic neuron

Question 9

SNS vs ANS regarding conduction velocity

Answer 9

SNS are fast and have more myelination than ANS

Question 10

ANS dual innervation

Answer 10

Para & sympathetic have opposing effect on visceral at the same time with one exerting primary control
it made continuous adjustment => dynamic

Question 11

which structure only innervated by sympathetic division

Answer 11

Arrector pili muscles and sweet glands of skin: smooth muscles of most blood vessels

Question 12

Why will it be important for both divisions to always remain active
(even if it is at low levels)?

Answer 12

on/off of system takes time and extra energy.

Question 13

Short-term stress: hypothalamus activates adrenal medulla via neural stimuli

Answer 13

1. AP triggered hypo. to activate Sympathetic
2. AP travel to pregang. to adrenal medulla
3. adrenal sceretes amino: Epi. 80% and NE 20%
4. Epi & NE reinforce sympathetic response for exertion

Question 14

fight/ flight response

Answer 14

Cardiovascular–> increase HR % BP and flow away from nonessential organs like stomach and urinary
Metobolic –> Liver converts glycogen to glucose & more energy & more metabolic rate
Respiratory–> Bronchioles dilate to facilitate airflow in%out of lungs and more O2

Question 15

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

Answer 15

both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
the brain.

Question 16

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state?

Answer 16

Digestion

Question 17

Sympathetic nerve activity would cause all of the following responses EXCEPT

Answer 17

increased stomach motility

Question 18

What is the effect of neurotransmitters released at the area in the adrenal medulla of sympathetic?

Answer 18

They are released into the blood and produce long-lasting and widespread effects in the body.

Question 19

Which of the following effectors is innervated by neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia?

Answer 19

abdominopelvic cavity => intestine

Question 20

Visceral motor neuron nuclei are located in which part of the brain?

Answer 20

hypothalamus

Question 21

where is the cell body for Parasympathetic

Answer 21

pre-gang => brainstem or sacral region of SC
Post-gang => near or in organ

Question 22

where is the cell body for sympathetic

Answer 22

pre-gang => lateral horn of spinal cord (thoracic & lumber)
post-gang => ganglia of 1. sympathetic chain.
2. collateral. 3. adrenal medulla

Question 23

explain sympathetic neurons

Answer 23

• Preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in lateral horns
• Axons pass through rami communicans (pl. rami
  communicantes)
• May synapse at sympathetic chain ganglia or pass through them

Question 24

Where do pre-ganglionic and
ganglionic neurons synapse in sympathetic?

Answer 24

1. Synapse at same level of
   sympathetic chain ganglia
2. Synapse at a higher or lower level
   of sympathetic chain ganglia
3. Synapse in a distant ganglia (emerges
   from chain ganglia without synapsing)

Question 25

collateral ganglia

Answer 25

innervates visceral organs in abdominopelvic cavity
it has cell body in distant ganglia

Question 26

sympathetic chain ganglia

Answer 26

it has two types
1. pass through anterior
2.knlnbh

Question 27

the adrenal medulla division

Answer 27

secrete NTs into the general circulation

Question 28

What is the benefit of releasing neurotransmitters into the blood?

Answer 28

• travel far distance through blood
• long lasting effect as clearing out will take time

Question 29

parasympathetic divisions

Answer 29

they are associated with the cranial and sacral region of spinal cord

Question 30

oculomotor (3)

Answer 30

• intrinsic eye muscle
• shape of lens and diameter of pupil

Question 31

Facial nerve (7) & Glossopharyngeal nerve (9)

Answer 31

• increase of salivary glands

Question 32

vagus nerve (10)

Answer 32

90 % neurons goes through

Question 33

Sympathetic nerves contain postganglionic fibers that innervate organs in which cavity?

Answer 33

thoracic

Question 34

A pedestrian narrowly avoids being hit by an oncoming car. He notices that it takes a little while for his heart rate and respiratory rate to return to normal. This is likely because

Answer 34

sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla has released epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

Question 35

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and have ________ axons.

Answer 35

short; myelinated

Question 36

In what part of the given pathway is norepinephrine secreted?

Answer 36

from the varicosities of the postganglionic fiber

Question 37

Which of the following is not controlled by the ANS?

Answer 37

skeletal muscle system

Question 38

In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ?

Answer 38

parasympathetic division of the ANS

Question 39

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the __________ horn of the __________ cord.

Answer 39

lateral gray, thoracic and lumbar spinal

Question 40

The ________ nervous system stimulates the arrector pili muscles and gives you “goosebumps.”

Answer 40

sympathetic

Question 41

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

Answer 41

adrenal medullae

Question 42

define consciousness

Answer 42

Consciousness is associated with perception of sensation, ability to voluntarily initiate control movement, higher mental functions.