Ch 14 Brain And Cranial Nerves Flashcards
Who is responsible for integration and processing sensory and motor info as well as seat of higher mental functions. I
Brain
I’m executive suit damage to me will effect sensory, motor and association areas.
Cerebrum
I’m little brain and damage to me impact as loss of muscle tone, clumsy, and uncertain movement
Cerebellum
I’m gateway to cerebral cortex and I also help sort things out.
Thalamus
I’m all about emotions, hormonal production which also include autonomic functions
Hypothalamus
I maintain consciousness, process visual and auditory data and also help with reflexes for somatic motor response
Mid brain has Nuclei
I’m bridge to cerebellum and I work as relay center for cerebellum, I also help with subconscious somatic and visceral motor
Pons and it’s tracts and nuclei
I’m relay center for for info to thalamus and other brain stem structures, autonomic functions include digestion respiration cardiovascular system are in my control
Medulla oblongata
What protects brain
Cranial bones
Cranial meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood-brain Barrier
Cranial dura mater looks like?
Two layers then space
Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer
Subdural space
I’m thin superficial layer of gray matter on the surface of cerebral hemispheres defines me more
It is cerebral cortex that is the collection of neurons.
Cerebral cortex has series of rounded elevation
Gyri; it increase its surface area
How gyri are separated and major brain regions
Gyri are separated by shallow grooves sulci and fissure are very deep grooves that separate major regions.
Diencephalon
Include thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
What separates the two lateral ventricles
Septum pellucidum ( thin plate of brain tissue)
Define cerebral equaduct
The midbrain has slander canal, this is passageway that connects the third ventricle with fourth
These are large collecting veins located within dural folds
Dorsal venous sinuses
More about venous sinuses
Brain veins open into these sinuses and these provide venous blood to the veins of neck.
Three major fold of dura
Falx cerebri
(located between cerebral hemispheres in longitudinal cerebral fissure)
Tentorium cerebelli
(protects cerebellum and separate the cerebral from cerebellum)
Falx cerebelli
(Divides the two cerebellar hemispheres)
Sub arachnoid space
Contains cell and fibers of arachnoid trabeculae, lies between arachnoid and pi’s matter
Pi’s matter
Lies close to brain and anchored by Astrocytes processes. It also goes with the branches of cerebral vessels as they penetrate brain surface
Cerebrospinal fluid
Supporting the brain (buoyancy)
Transport nutrients, chemical messenger and wastes
Cushions the delicate neural structure
Write the sequence of ventricles
Two later ventricles which are separated by septum pellucidum and connects to third ventricle via interventricular foremen then third leads to forth via cerebral aqueduct.
Functions of cranial meninges
Cover and protect brain
Protect blood vessels & enclose venous sinuses
It contains cerebrospinal fluid
Form skull partitions like dural folds to limit excessive movement
Who produce CFS
It produced by the choroid plexusese
Define choroid plexuses
Ependymal cell layer with tight junctions covering the capillaries network
Location of choroid plexuses
Two extensive folds of this originate in the roof of third ventricle and extend to the lateral ventral floor.
In the inferior brain stem, it has some region in the roof of forth ventricle projects between cerebellum and pons
Pattern of CSF flow
It absorbed into the superior Sagittal sinuses via arachnoid granulation and then drain into the internal jugular veins
What is the key to blood brain barrier
Tight junctions between the endothelia cells; it exclude all molecules except the lipid soluble from brain tissue.
Name the fifth lobe
Insula it also has Gyri
Gray Matter
Neuron cell bodies
Short nonmyelinated neurons
White matter
Neurons with myelinated axons and somewhat nonmyelinated
How CSF formed
It is a filtrate containing glucose, O2, vitamins and ions like Cl-, Mg2+, Na+
Frontal lob briefly explain
It is separated from parietal lobe by central sulcus. The area anterior to it is precentral gyruw which is actually primary motor cortex. Anterior to it is the somatic association area also called as per-motor cortex. Then we have prefrontal cortex
Primary motor cortex
Located on precentral gyrus and account for direct voluntary movement
Somatic motor association area (pre motor cortex)
It works to planning and skilled programmed motor function, store pattern.
Prefrontal cortex
It is involved in the most conscious intellectual functions
It integrates and process info from sensory association areas
Frontal eye field
Voluntary eye movement and it is part of premotor cortex
Broca’s area
Motor speech and also an integrative area
Wernicke’s area
Language comprehension
Define white matter
It is involved in the transmission of info within and across hemispheres and between different regions
White matter fibers
We have associated fibers for within communication
They are:
arcuate; interconnect the Gyri within lobe longitudinal fasciculi; across lobes
Commissures
Corpus collosum; connect two hemispheres
Anterior commissures
Define projection fibers
They connect cerebral cortex to diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord.
Basal nuclei
They are not well defined in the role but they filter incorrect and inappropriate movements
Basal nuclei
We have two nuclei each side of lateral ventricles called as caudate, below it we have two nuclei each side one big called as lentiform nucleus putamen and small one is called globes pallidus
Caudate nucleus,
Lentiform Nucleus putamen
& globus pallidus
Function: subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary motor commands
Gray matter of cerebellum
We have superficial layer called cerebellar Cortex and middle hole is cerebellar nuclei
Function of cerebellum gray matter
Involuntary coordination and control of ongoing body movement
Transverse pontine fibers
Interconnect pontine nuclei with opposite hemispher
White matter of cerebellum
Arbor vitae
Cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle , & inferior)
Transverse pontine fibers
Arbor vitae
It connect cerebellar cortex to the nuclei with cerebellar peduncles
Cerebellar peduncles functions
Superior: link cerebellum with mid brain, cerebrum and diencephalon.
Meddle: link with pons
Inferior: link with medulla and spinal cords
Hypothalamus functions:
Control autonomic NS and Endocrine system
Regulate body temp., water-balance, food intake and sleep-wake cycle
Initiate physical response to emotions
Hypothalamus =>
Pre-optic area
Mammillary bodies
Supra-optic nucleus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Regulate body temperature
Control feeding reflexes (licking, swallowing)
Secrete anti diuretic hormone which restricts water from kidney
Regulate circadian rhythms
Paraventricular nucleus
Secrete oxytocin
Stimulates contractions of smooth muscles in uterus and mammary glands
Lateral Tuberal nuclei
Produce inhibitory and releasing hormone that control the endocrine cells of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland
White matter of mid brain
It’s called cerebral peduncles and it is responsible for the connection of primary motor cortex with the motor neurons of midbrain and spinal cord, also carry ascending sensory info to the thalamus
Gray matter of mid brain
Roof: tectum; superior and inferior colliculi
Walls and floor; red nucleus, substantia nigra, & reticular formation
Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi
Initiate reflex response to visual stimuli, integrate visual info with other sensory input.
Initiate reflex response to auditory stimuli, relay auditory info to the medial geniculate
Substantia Nigra
Red nucleus
Reticular formation
Regulate the activity of basal nuclei
Subconscious control of upper limbs and background muscle tone
Automatic control of incoming sensation and outgoing motor command, it can also initiate involuntary motor response to stimuli and helps maintain consciousness
White matter of pons
Descending tracts
Ascending tracts
Transverse pontine fibers
Descending tracts of pons
Carry motor commands from higher centers to nuclei of cranial or spinal nerves
Ascending tracts of pons
Carry sensory info from brainstem to thalamus
Transverse pontine fibers
Interconnect cerebellar hemispheres
Gray material of pons
Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
Reticular formation
Nuclei of cranial nerves (5, 6, 7, 8)
Apneustic and pneumotaxic center
Adjust respiratory rhythm centers in the medulla
Nuclei of cranial nerves(6-8)
Relay sensory information and issue somatic commands
White matter of medulla
Ascending and descending tracts of funiculi; link the brain with the spinal cord
Gray matter of medulla
Inferior olivary complex
Reticular formation
Cranial nerves (8-12)
Reflexes centers;
• cardiovascular centers
• respiratory rhythmicity center
Nucleus; cuneate & gracile
Inferior olivary complex
Relay info from red nucleus and other midbrain centers, cerebral cortex to cerebellum
Nucleus: cuneate & gracile
Relay somatic sensory info to thalamus
Reflex centers of cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity center
Regulate heart beat and control contraction, set the basic pace of respiratory movements
Reticular formation
Extended to midbrain and pons
It regulates the vital function and contains nuclei
Cranial nerves (8-12)
Sensory and motor nuclei of these nerves, relay ascending info from spinal to higher centers
RAS reticular Activation system
Reticular formation is involved throughout the brainstem but RAS is only located in the midbrain
Functions of RAS
Keep cerebral cortex conscious and alert
Filter sensory info
Inhibited by sleep
Limbic sustem
• Diencephalon parts=> thalamus & hypothalamus (hypothalamic nucleus & mammillary body)
• reticular formation
• cerebral parts=> limbic lobe cortical areas;
= cingulate gyrus
= parahippocampal gyrus
= dentate gytus
= hippocampus
= amygdaloid body
= tract => fornix
Tracts=> fornix
Tract of cerebral white matter that connects the hippocampus with hypothalamus
Nuclei=> Amygdaloid body
• interface between limbic system, cerebrum and other sensory system
• during fear and anxiety it regulates HR
• control fight or flight response
• link emotions with specific memories
Nucleus=> hippocampus
• nucleus inferior to the floor of lateral ventricle
• important in learning, especially in storage and retrieval of LTM
Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem?
diencephalon
Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the
medulla oblongata
Which of the following is true about the cerebral cortex?
It is a superficial layer of gray matter.
When you perform a physical activity that you have not done in a while, such as riding a bike, which area of your brain coordinates your movements with learned experiences?
cerebellum
The rounded elevations of the cerebrum that increase its surface area are called
gyri
The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the
septum pellucidum
The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the
interventricular foramen
Which brain region contains centers for processing sensory information, emotions, and hormone production?
diencephalon => Hypothalamus
function of arachnoid granules
absorption of cerebrospinal fluid into the venous circulation
List the matters surrounding the brain from the deepest layer to the most superficial layer.
pia, arachnoid, dura
The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the
falx cerebri.
Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid
produces ATP for impulse transmission
To return CSF to circulation, arachnoid granulations extend into the
superior sagittal sinus
In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid.
choroid plexus
Tony hit his head in a car accident. The physicians diagnosed him with a subdural hemorrhage. Which of the following correctly states where the bleeding has occurred in his brain?
Blood is between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.
Which dural fold separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum?
tentorium cerebelli
The thalamus is often called the “air traffic controller” of the brain because it
determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area.
Which of the following is true regarding the pineal gland?
It is part of the epithalamus and secretes melatonin.
When a memory brings about a strong emotional response, this is made possible by the __________ of the limbic system.
amygdala
The primary somatosensory cortex is found on the __________.
postcentral gyrus
Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas.
association
In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in
he left cerebral hemisphere.
The basal nuclei
provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking.
________ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech.
integrative
A person with a damaged visual association area may be
able to see letters but unable to associate them into words.
The highest levels of information processing occur in the
cerebrum
Which cerebral area is involved with judgment and predictive abilities?
prefrontal cortex
After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the
occipital lobe
After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe
left frontal lobe
The auditory cortex is located in the
temporal lobe
Following a head injury, Kevin can think of the word he wants to say but cannot make his mouth form the correct sounds to produce the word. He is most likely suffering from damage to
Broca’s area.
The complex integration of sensory information with visual and auditory memories occurs in this area near the auditory cortex?
Wernicke’s area
Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because
the vital centers for the control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located there
Which of these statements about the medulla oblongata is true?
It connects the brain and spinal cord.
The medulla oblongata relays all communication between the brain and spinal cord.
It coordinates complex autonomic functions.
The cerebellum __________.
adjusts posture
coordinates learned movements
has peduncles connecting to the cerebrum
Which of the following is a property of the limbic system?
located between the border of the cerebrum and diencephalon
functions in emotions, learning, and memory
links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex with unconscious functions of the brain stem
primarily a functional grouping
The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories.
hippocampus
Commissural fibers
interconnect and allow communication between cerebral hemispheres
Which of the following nerves is purely sensory?
optic 2
Which cranial nerve sends balance sensations to the brain?
vestibulocochlear
Which cranial nerve is tested by having the patient stick out their tongue?
hypoglossal
The cranial nerves that innervate the extrinsic eye muscles are
III, IV, and VI.
You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to
smell his food.
The patient has the following symptoms: change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the
vagus nerve
Describe the receptive field. (Figure 15-2)
|. Olfactory nerve
Olfaction (smell)
||. Optic Nerve
Vision
- Oculomotor
- Trochlear
- Abducens
Eye muscles
- Trigeminal
- Facial nerve
Face
- Vestibulocochlear
Balance, equilibrium, & hearing
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Accessory
- Hypoglossal
Throat, tongue, and one that leaves head and neck
Olfactory nerve 1 is like?
I’m like forest of tiny olfactory bundles, it is lumped as a cranial nerve.
Location: pass through the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
- Optic nerve work and location
It arises from the retina of eye and passes through optic canal
- Oculomotor, what type of eye muscles it vover
It attaches to 4 of 6 extrinsic muscles names are
•inferior olblique
• superior & inferior rectus
•
It also do intrinsic eye muscles
- Trochlear
- Abducens
Superior oblique
Lateral rectus
- Trigeminal
How many branches and cover what area of face
Three branches
• ophthalmic ( sensory info from eye, forhead area)
• maxillary ( cheek, nose & maxilla)
• mendibular ( jaws)
- Facial nerve
What info associated and how many branches and what area?
Mixed info => taste (2/3 tongue)
=> facial experience
Five branches
• temporal
• zygomatic
• buccal
• marginal mandibular
• cervical
- Vestibulocochlear
Has two branches and cover ear
- Glossopharyngeal
Glosso: tongue
Pharangeal: pharynx
Function:
Taste (1/3 tongue)
General senses
Swallowing (pharyngeal muscles)
Saliva secretion
BP and dissolved gases
- Vagus
Special name branches and functions:
Wanderer”
•leaves head and neck and branch extensively
• breathing, digestion, heart rate
- Accessory
- Hypoglossal
• motor info to muscle of neck and upper back => Sternocleidomastoid & trapezius
• tongue movement
