Ch. 16

Question 1

Interval measurement

Answer 1

Not an exact 0, can get an average score on a BP, weight, height focuses on ordering with equals intervals

Question 2

Ratio measurement

Answer 2

Can get an average, equal intervals and absolute zeros

Question 3

Nominal

Answer 3

Not rankings or averages, classify variables into categories

Question 4

Ordinal

Answer 4

Rankings or variables or events with unequal intervals

Question 5

Descriptive statistics

Answer 5

Describes and summarizes, measures of central tendency; mean, median, mode, and association between two variables

Want to see symmetric distribution

Question 6

Inferential

Answer 6

Predict and generalize; analyze, test hypothesis, and answer research questions used to draw conclusions

Question 7

Null hypothesis

Answer 7

Saying that ther is no difference between two groups. It can be tested by statistical methods

Will be rejected when there are differences between variables or too large to be caused by chance

Question 8

Type 1:

Answer 8

The researcher rejects a null hypothesis when its actually true (more serious) (less than 5%) (usually happen when the sample size is too small)

Can control by setting the level of significance before the study begins

Question 9

Type 2

Answer 9

Researcher accepts a null hypothesis that is actually false

Can occur when sample size is too small

Question 10

Central tendency

Answer 10

Single number describes the middle of the group, one single random number can change the central tendency

Question 11

Median

Answer 11

Not sensitive to extremes in high and low scores (typical score)

Question 12

Mode

Answer 12

Middle of scores

Question 13

Mean

Answer 13

Average of scores (most stable)

When data is positively skewed the mean will be to the right of the median

Negative skew means that it is towards the left of the median

Question 14

Standard deviations

Answer 14

1 = 68%
2 = 95%

Question 15

Positive

Answer 15

If the line goes up together

Question 16

Negative

Answer 16

Line goes down (r = 0.4)

Question 17

Pearsons correlation coefficient

Answer 17

Used to express relationships when two variables being tested have only two levels, parametric test, more powerful

Question 18

Spearman row

Answer 18

Not normally distributed, crazy tails, used to determine degree of association between two sets of ranks

Question 19

T-test

Answer 19

Used to test the difference between means

Question 20

Small effect

Answer 20

R = 0.1

Difference between means = 0.2 standard deviation

Question 21

Medium effect

Answer 21

R = 0.3, d = 0.5

Question 22

Large effect

Answer 22

R = 0.3, d = 0.8