ch 16 Flashcards
what is plasma
extracellular matrix
water component of blood
92%
protein component of blood
7%
what is last 1% of
organic molecules
what is the difference between plasma and interstitial
proteins
90% of plasma proteins
albumin
globulin
fibrinogen
trnasferrin
where are most plasma proteins produced
liver
what are red blood cells called
erythrocytes
where do platelets come from
megakaryocytes
what are white blood cells
leukocytes
lymphocytes
B &T cells
monocytes
develop into macrophages
neutrophils
phagocytes and granulocytes
eosinophils
granulocytes
basophils
granulocytes
what are basophils called when in tissue
mast cells
blood cells are produced where
bone marrow
hematopoeisis
production of blood cells
why is blood red
hemoglobin
why is yellow bone marrow yellow
contains adipose cells so its inactive
what controls hematopoiesis
cytokines
erythropoietin
regulates red blood cell production
erythropoiesis
production of blood cells
When is EPO produced
by kidneys during hypoxia
mean corpuscular volume
the average volume of one red blood cell
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
amount of hemoglobin per rbc
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
amount of hemoglobin per volume of one RBC
hematocrit
ratio of red blood cells to plasma expressed as a percentage
whats an important component missing from RBC’s
nucleus
shape of rbc
lives for about 120 days
where are old RBC’s killed
spleen
what happens to old components
recycled
whatever can’t be recycled
becomes bilirubin
medical condition from elevated levels bilirubin
jaundice
anemia
hemoglobin content is too low
hemolytic anemia
cells rupture at abnormally high rate
polycythemia vera
too many blood cells of all types, leads to thickening
relative polycythemia
a condition where the hematocrit is elevated but the red blood cell mass is normal or slightly high, and the plasma volume is low or decreased
sickle cell disease
Replacement of glutamate by valine results in abnormal Hb that crystallizes when it unloads oxygen
what do we treat sickle cell disease with
hydroxyurea
what does hydroxyurea do
an increased formation of RBCs with fetal version of Hb
four globin molecules
four heme groups and multiple isoforms
what composes adult Hb
2 α and 2 β chains
what composes fetal Hb
2 α and 2 γ chains
what is heme
porphyrin ring with an iron (Fe) atom
where do we get iron
diet
how does iron get into blood
transferrin
where does iron get deposited
bone marrow
where is excess iron stored
liver
what protein is doing the storing
ferritin
hereditary hemolytic anemia
membrane or enzyme defects, abnormal hemoglobin
acquired hemolytic anemia
parasitic infections, drugs, autoimmune reaction
what deficiencies could lead to anemia
iron, folic acid, B12
what do megakaryocytes form
platelets
whats the size of platelets
smaller than RBC
what do platelets contain
mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, granules
how long do platelets live for
10 days
what do platelets do
stopping blood loss, immunity, inflammation
what does hemostasis do
prevents blood loss from damaged vessels
what does platelet plug begin with
platelet adhesion
first step of platelet activation process
platelet stick to collagen in damaged vessels
second step of platelet activation
release of platelet activating factor (
Thromboxane A2)
what prevents the platelet plug from getting too big
prostacyclin slightly away from site of injury
what is collagen role in platelet activation
binds platelets to begin platelet plug
instrinsic pathway
contact activation pathway
Extrinsic pathway
cell injury pathway
common pathway
thrombin converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin polymers
fibrin fibers become
part of the clot
what breaks fibrin
plasmin
is plasmin active right off the bat?
no
how is plasminogen activated
tissue plasminogen activator
fibrinolysis
breaking of fibrin by plasmin
what starts the intrinsic pathway
collagen
thrombus
blood clot that adheres to an undamaged blood vessel wall
we have two mechanisms to limit extent of clotting
inihibition of platelet adhesion
inhibition of coagulation/ fibrin production
what are endogenous anticoagulants (within you )
heparin, antithrombin III, protein C
hemophilia
collection of diseases in which one of the factors in the coagulation cascade is defective or lacking
antithrombin III
NO EFFECT ON THROMBIN
thrombin
converts fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
