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bio201 > ch 12 > Flashcards

ch 12 Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found only in the heart moves blood

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2
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached to bones, controls voluntary movement

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3
Q

smooth muscle

A

muscle of internal organs, controls involuntary movement

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4
Q

striated muscle

A

muscle with alternating light and dark bands

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5
Q

examples of striated muscle

A

skeletal, cardiac

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6
Q

voluntary muscle

A

muscle that contracts on command of somatic nerve

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7
Q

which is the only muscle type that contracts on command of. a somatic nerve

A

skeletal

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8
Q

involuntary muscle

A

muscle that contracts without conscious effort

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9
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bones

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10
Q

ligaments

A

connect bones to bones

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11
Q

origin

A

muscle attachment closest to trunk or more stationary bone

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12
Q

insertion

A

more distal or mobile muscle attachment

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13
Q

flexor muscle

A

muscle connected by a flexible joint that move the bones closer together

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14
Q

extensor muscle

A

muscle that increases joint angle

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15
Q

antagonistic muscle group

A

pairs of muscles with opposing actions

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16
Q

muscle fibers

A

cells forming skeletal muscle tissue

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17
Q

satellite cells

A

stem cells aiding muscle growth and repair

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18
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of adjacent muscle fibers

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19
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of a muscle fiber

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20
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm with a muscle fiber

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21
Q

myofibrils

A

main intracellular structures in striated muscles

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22
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

endoplasmic reticulum surrounding myofibrils

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23
Q

terminal cisternae

A

longitudinal tubules with enlarged end regions

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24
Q

transverse tubules

A

extensions fo membrane for rapid AP transmission

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25
Q

what do transverse tubules allow for

A

AP’s to move rapidly from cell surface into interior of fiber so they reach terminal cisternae

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26
Q

sarcomere

A

functional unit of muscle contraction

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27
Q

myosin

A

motor protein with heavy and light chains

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28
Q

actin

A

thin filaments forming muscle structure

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29
Q

crossbridges

A

connections between myosin heads and actin

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

power strokes

A

myosin movement pushing actin during contraction

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32
Q

calcium- troponin complex

A

triggers muscle contraction by exposing actin

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33
Q

relaxation

A

release of tension after muscle contraction

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34
Q

calcium decrease

A

essential for muscle relaxation and contraction termination

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35
Q

rigor state

A

myosin head tightly bound to G-actin without nucleotides

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36
Q

ATP binding

A

causes myosin head to release from actin

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37
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

Myosin rotates, preparing for the next cycle

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38
Q

calcium and Pi release

A

triggers myosin to swivel and generate force

39
Q

excitation contraction coupling

A

process linking muscle action potential to contraction

40
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter released from somatic motor neurons

41
Q

depolarization

A

increased Na influx starts action potential

42
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

stores calcium ions for muscle contraction

43
Q

troponin

A

binds calcium allowing muscle contraction to occur

44
Q

Calcium ATPase

A

pumps calcium back into SR

45
Q

crossbridge release

A

myosin detaches from actin during muscle relaxation

46
Q

twitch

A

single contraction-relaxation cycle in muscle fiber

47
Q

latent period

A

time between action potential and muscle tension onset

48
Q

phosphocreatine

A

high energy molecule providing phosphate to ADP

49
Q

anaerobic glycolysis

A

energy production without oxygen access

50
Q

Central fatigue

A

fatigue originating from CNS

51
Q

peripheral fatigue

A

Fatigue occurring at neuromuscular junction or muscle.

52
Q

pH

A

only a cause of central fatigue in extreme circumstances

53
Q

what could peripheral fatigue come from

A

glycogen depletion

54
Q

slow twitch fibers

A

type 1 fibers, fatigue-resistant, suited for endurance

55
Q

fast twitch fibers

A

type 2 fibers, develop tension quickly, fatigue faster

56
Q

type 2A fibers

A

fast twitch oxidative-glycolytic

57
Q

type 2B

A

fast twitch glycolytic

58
Q

2A vs 2B

A

2B develops twitch faster, split atp faster

59
Q

myoglobin

A

oxygen-binding pigment enhancing oxygen delivery in muscles

60
Q

summation

A

increased force from rapid action potential firing

61
Q

tetanus

A

state of maximal contraction without relaxation

62
Q

single-unit smooth muscle

A

contracts as a unit via gap junction

63
Q

multi-unit smooth muscle

A

cells function independently, requiring fiber recruitment

64
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls smooth muscle involuntarily without specialized regions

65
Q

calcium cascade

A

process ending with myosin light chain phosphorylation

66
Q

sarcomeres

A

structural units absent in smooth muscle fibers

67
Q

actin to myosin ratio

A

10-15 actin per myosin in smooth muscle

68
Q

tropomyosin

A

present in smooth muscle

69
Q

cytoskeleton

A

extensive network providing structural support in cells

70
Q

dense bodies

A

proteins anchoring actin filaments within smooth muscle

71
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

variable network of tubules for calcium storage

72
Q

caveolae

A

invaginations in smooth muscle cell membranes

73
Q

myosin phosphorylation

A

increases ATPase activity, enhancing muscles contraction

74
Q

dephosphorylation

A

removes phosphate, reducing myosin ATPase activity

75
Q

latch state

A

maintains tension with minimal ATP consumption

76
Q

MLCK

A

myosin light chain kinase, initiates contraction

77
Q

MLCP

A

myosin light chain phosphotase, regulates relaxation

78
Q

calmodulin

A

calcium-binding protein activating MLCK in smooth muscle

79
Q

electromechanical coupling

A

electrical signal initiating smooth muscle contraction

80
Q

graded contraction

A

variable calcium entry leads to different contraction lengths

81
Q

Calcium-induced calcium release

A

Ryr opens in response to calcium influx

82
Q

voltage-gated calcium channels

A

open in response to cell membrane depolarization

83
Q

ligand-gated calcium channels

A

Open upon ligand binding to receptors.

84
Q

stretch-activated channels

A

respond to mechanical stretch, important in blood vessels

85
Q

membrane potentials

A

influence action potential initiation in smooth muscle

86
Q

slow wave potential

A

cyclic depolarization and repolarization in smooth muscle

87
Q

pacemaker potentials

A

regular depolarization reaaching action potential threshold

88
Q

chemical signals

A

influence smooth muscle activity, can be excitatory or inhibitory

89
Q

epinephrine

A

binds to receptors causing contraction or relaxation

90
Q

IP3

A

triggers calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

91
Q

DAG

A

inhibits MLCP promoting muscle tension

92
Q

cAMP

A

Promotes relaxation by decreasing calcium concentration.

93
Q

Paracrine Signals

A

Local signals affecting smooth muscle function.

94
Q

nitric oxide

A

Relaxes smooth muscle, synthesized in blood vessels.

bio201 (10 decks)

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