ch 1 Flashcards
name of Dr. Shankar’s dog
maltese named snowy
physiology
study of normal functioning in living organisms
bio levels of organization
atoms-> molecules-> cells-> tissues-> organs-> organ systems-> organisms-> population-> ecosystem-> biosphere
10 organ systems
reproductive, immune, integumentary, endocrine, musculoskeletal, digestive, respiratory, urinary, circulatory, nervous
reproductive
perpetuation of species
immune
defense from foreign invaders
integumentary
protection from external environment
endocrine
coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules
musculoskeletal
support and movement
digestive
conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of some wastes
respiratory
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environment
urinary
maintainance of water and solutes in the internal environment; waste removal
circulatory
transport of materials between all cells of the body
nervous
coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules
mechanistic explanations
explain HOW a process in physiology occurs
teloeogical
explain WHY a process in physiology occurs
four major themes in physiology
structure/ functionrelationships
biological energy use
info flow
homeostasis
structure/function
how a body structure is designed tomatch its function , molecular interaction and compartmentalization, length of nephron to get all water out
biological energy use
where energy comes from, mitochondria
information flow
use of chemical or electrical communication among cells in the body to coordinate function, endocrines
homeostasis
organisms that maintain internal environment while external environment changes
what is homeostasis
steady state, requires energy input, if it fails– could result in disease or disruption can result
two compartments in the body
extracellular compartment fluid and internal compartment fluid
extracellular compartment
large concentration of Na and Cl, plasma is a part of the extracellular
intracellular compartment
large concentration of K, within cell so harder to study
law of mass balance
if the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss
load
amount of a substance in the body
mass flow
(amount x/min)= (amount x/vol) x(vol/min)
clearance
rate at which a substance disappears from blood, example urea
equilibrium. vs steady state
equilibrium does not require energy but steady state does
components of a control system
input signal
integrating center
output signal
relationship between regulated variable and set point
regulated variable creates repeating patterns that surround a set point
local control
restricted to a tissue or cell
long- distance control
endocrine or nervous system can send signals over long distances
reflex control
uses long-distance signaling
response loop
uses nervous and/or endocrine systems
negative feedback
system is activated to when set point is passed to restrict to range allowed, sweating when body temp gets too high
positive feedback
SISTEM AMPLIFIES SIGNAL TO UPREGULATE PRODUCTION, oxytocin release during childbirth
feedforward control
system is activated in anticipation of event, salivating
set point
normal value, response loop controls function and activates when out of range of set point, circadian rhythm
plasma
liquid component of blood, only about 55%
dynamic steady state
materials constantly moving within two compartments, but no net movement between
equilibrium
implies composition of compartments are identical, not the same as steady state (energy input)
homeostasis
attempts to maintain dynamic steady state
