Ch 15: understanding & achieving behavior change

Question 1

The five stages of the transtheoretical model

Answer 1

1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance

Question 2

Precontemplation

Answer 2

is when the individual is either unaware of or not interested in making a change.

Question 3

Contemplation

Answer 3

is when the person is thinking about making a change, usually within the next six months.

Question 4

Preparation

Answer 4

is when the person actively decides to change and plans a change, usually within one month.

Question 5

Action

Answer 5

is when the individual is trying to make the desired change and has been working at making the change for less than six months.

Question 6

Maintenance

Answer 6

is when the individual sustains the change for six months or longer, and the changed behavior has become a part of his/her daily routine.

Question 7

contemplation vs. maintenance

Answer 7

People in the contemplation stage are seeking information about the benefits of change, whereas people in the maintenance stage are likely to be searching for ways to strengthen the behavior.

Question 8

Behavior change

Answer 8

involves a series of different steps or stages

Question 9

Interventions

Answer 9

tailoring to the stage in which people are at that moment is more effective than not considering the stage people are in.

Question 10

Theory of Motivational Interviewing

Answer 10

a counseling approach developed by Miller and Rollnick that builds upon the client-centered counseling model.

Question 11

Purpose of Motivational Interviewing

Answer 11

designed to assist clients to build commitment and reach a decision to change.

Question 12

Principles of Motivational Interviewing

Answer 12

1. Resist the urge to confront the client about the need to change.
2. Understand and proceed in a nonjudgmental way.
3. Listen and express empathy, using reflective listening skills.
4. Empower and support self-efficacy.

Question 13

The Health Belief Model

Answer 13

developed to explain why people failed to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease.
-The HBM suggests that a person’s belief in a personal threat of an illness or disease together with a person’s belief in the effectiveness of the recommended health behavior or action will predict the likelihood the person will adopt the behavior.

Question 14

Components of The Health Belief Model

Answer 14

1. The perception of a threat to health.
2. The expectation of certain outcomes related to a behavior.
3. perceived benefits: new behavior resulting in decreased risk of developing a disease.
4. perceived barriers: an individual’s own
   evaluation of the obstacles in the way of him or her adopting a new behavior. Of all the constructs, perceived barriers are the most significant in determining behavior change.
5. Modifying variables: four major constructs of perception are modified by other variables, such as culture, education level, past experiences, skill, and motivation. These are individual characteristics that influence personal perceptions.
6. Cues to action: events, people, or things
   that move people to change their behavior.
7. Self-efficacy or the belief that one can make a behavior change. eople generally do
   not try to do something new unless they think they can do it.

Question 15

Indirect variables to The Health Belief Model

Answer 15

Other variables such as education, income, sex, age, and ethnic background influence health behaviors in this model

Question 16

The Theory of Planned Behavior

Answer 16

also called the theory of reasoned action, is a fundamental model for explaining virtually any health behavior over which the individual has control.
-The TPB states that behavioral achievement depends on both motivation (intention) and ability (behavioral control).

Question 17

The theory of: The Theory of Planned Behavior

Answer 17

1. behavior determined directly by a person’s intention to perform behavior.
2. intentions=instructions people give themselves in relation to their behavior. The stronger the intention to perform the behavior, the more likely the behavior will be performed.
3. when forming intentions, behavior outcomes & opinions of sig. others are considered.
4. Intentions are influenced by attitudes & subjective norms or social pressure to perform/not perform certain behavior
5. attitudes: belief that certain behavior will have an outcome, evaluation of actual outcome of behavior, and perception of ability to control behavior. a person’s perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior of interest.

Question 18

theory of trying

Answer 18

proposed by Bagozzi. More is needed to produce behavior change than an expression of intention.

Question 19

Social cognitive theory

Answer 19

(the social learning theory.) explains behavior in terms of a model in which behavior, personal factors such as cognitions, and the environment interact constantly, such that a change in one area has implications for the others.

Question 20

The environment: social cognitive theory

Answer 20

both the social realm (family, friends, peers, coworkers) and the physical realm (the workplace, layout of a kitchen, etc.)

Question 21

The strength of the social cognitive theory

Answer 21

it focuses on certain target behaviors rather than on knowledge and attitudes.

Question 22

Cognitive-Behavioral Theory

Answer 22

based on the assumption that all behavior is learned and is directly related to internal factors (e.g., thoughts and thinking patterns) and external factors (e.g., environmental stimuli and feedback) that are related to the problem behavior.

Question 23

strategies of cognitive-behavioral theory

Answer 23

include goal setting, self-monitoring, problem-solving, social support, stress management, stimulus control, cognitive restructurings, relapse prevention, rewards, and contingency management.

Question 24

The Diffusion of Innovation Model

Answer 24

was developed to explain how a product or idea becomes accepted by a majority of consumers and it consists of four stages.

Question 25

4 stages of The Diffusion of Innovation Model

Answer 25

1. Knowledge is when the individual is aware of the innovation and has acquired some information about it.
2. Persuasion is when the person forms an attitude either in favor of or against the innovation. (ideas)
3. Decision is when the individual performs activities that lead to either adopting or rejecting the innovation. (actions)
4. Confirmation is when the individual looks for reinforcement for decision and may change it if exposed to counter-reinforcing messages. (reinforcement)

Question 26

Consumers who adopt new ideas/products

Answer 26

1. INNOVATORS adopt the innovation quite readily and they perceive themselves as popular and financially privileged.
2. EARLY ADOPTERS are the next and these individuals, who include opinion leaders, are integrated into the community and are well respected by their families and peers.
3. Members of the EARLY MAJORITY tend to be cautious in adopting new ideas or products.
4. LATE MAJORITY members are skeptical and usually adopt an innovation only through peer pressure.
5. Laggards are the last to adopt and they tend to come from small families, to be single and older, and to be traditional.