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ch 15 psych Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychopathology

A

the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (causes), and treatmet

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2
Q

what is psychological disorder

A

a condition characterized by abnormal thoiughts, feelings, and behaviors

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3
Q

what is a diagnosis

A

appropriatelky identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms

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4
Q

what are the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

A

it was published by the american psychiatric assosiation that was published in 1952.

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5
Q

what is the classification system used by most mental health professionals

A

DSM-5

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6
Q

what are diagnostic features

A

overview of the disorder

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7
Q

what are diagnoistic criteria

A

specific symptoms required for diagnosis

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8
Q

what is prevalence

A

percent of popuation thougt to be affected

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9
Q

what is comorbity

A

the co-occurence of two disorders

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10
Q

what is a great example of comorbidity

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder

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11
Q

what is the supernatural perspective

A

psychological disorders attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding

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12
Q

what are examples of supernatural perspectives

A

practiioners of black magic, possessed by spirits, and withcraft

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13
Q

what perspective view psychological disordes as linked to biological phenomenom

A

the biological perspective

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14
Q

what perspective emphasizes the importantce of learning, stress, and faulty and self-defeating thinking patterns, and enviormental factors.

A

psychosocial perspective

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15
Q

what is the diathesis-stress model

A

it integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder

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16
Q

what is the underlying predispostion for a disorder

A

diathesis

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17
Q

what is fear

A

an instananeous reactoin to an immenient threat

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18
Q

what is anxiety

A

apprehnsion, avoidence, and cautiousness regarding a potetional threat, danger, or other negative content

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19
Q

what disorder is characterized by excessive and persistent feaer and anxiety

A

anxiety disorders

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20
Q

what is the prevalnce of anxiety disorders

A

it effects 25%-20% of the US population. more common in women

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21
Q

what is the most frequently occuring class of mental disorders

A

anxiety disorders

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22
Q

what is specific phobia

A

it invovles excessive, distressing, and persistant fear or anxiety about a specif object or situation

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23
Q

what is the prevalnce of specifc phobia

A

affects 12.5% of the US population at some point in thier lifetimew

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24
Q

what is acroophobia

A

fear of heights

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25
Q

what is aerophobia

A

fear of flying

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26
Q

what is arachnophobia

A

fear of spidersi

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27
Q

what is claustophobia

A

fear of enclosed spaces

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28
Q

what is agroaphobia

A

it is characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or recieve helop if one experiences a panic attack

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29
Q

explain classical conditioning with phobias

A

child is biten by a dog, then the dogs become associated with the bitting, the child experiences fear around dogsw

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30
Q

explain vicarious learning with phobias

A

child observes his cousin reach with fear around spiders, the child expresses the same fears even if he never presented any danger to him

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31
Q

explain verbal transmission of information based on phobias

A

a child is continiously told that snakes are dangerous, he starts to fear snakes

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32
Q

what is social anxiety disorder

A

characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situtaitons in which the person could potentially be evaulated negatively by others, leading to serious impairments in life

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33
Q

what are safety behaviors

A

menal or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the change of negative socail outcomes

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34
Q

what is the prevalcne of social anxiety disorder

A

experience by about 12% of americans

35
Q

what is social anxiety disorder paired with

A

has a comorbity with alchohol use disorder

36
Q

what is behavioral inhibition

A

a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with nfamiliar people or situtaions

37
Q

what is panic disorder

A

recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persitant concern about additonal panic attacks, worry over the consequences of the attakcs, or slef-defeating changes in behavior related to the attacks

38
Q

what is the comorbity with panic disorder

A

anxiety disorders or major depressive disorder

39
Q

what is a panic attack

A

a period of extreme fear of discomfort that develops abruptly and reachs a peak within 10 minutes

40
Q

what is the heritablitiy of panic disorders

A

43%

41
Q

what is generalized anixety disorder

A

a relatively continious state of excessive, unctrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension

42
Q

what is the comorbity of generalized anxiety disorders

A

comorbid wit mood disorders and other anxiety disorders

43
Q

what are obsessions

A

pesistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that re highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing

44
Q

what are some common obsessions

A

concerns about germs and contamination, doubts, order and symmetry, aggressive or lustful urges.

45
Q

what are compulsions

A

reptitive and ritiualistic acts, typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event

46
Q

what is body dysmorphic disorder

A

involves a rpeoccupation with a percieved flaw in teh individuals phsycial appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people

47
Q

what is hording disorder

A

involves great difficulty in discarding possession, regardless of how valueless/useless they are

48
Q

what are some ocd causes

A

genetics and conditioning theories

49
Q

what is the concordance rate of twins having ocd

A

57%

50
Q

what is the concordance rate of fraternal twins having ocd

A

22%

51
Q

what is an ocd circuit

A

several interconnected regions that influence percieved emotional value of stimuli and selection of behavioral and cognitive responses

52
Q

what is the orbitofrontal cortex

A

involved in learning and decision making

53
Q

how does ocd affect the orbitiofrontal cortex

A

it becomes hyperactvie when provoked with tasks such as looking at photos of a toilet.

54
Q

what is the diagnosis criteria of ptsd

A

individual was exposed to, witnessed, or experienced the details of a traumatic experienced

55
Q

what are mood disorders

A

characterized by massive disruptions in mood and emotions that can cause a distorted outlook on life, and impair ability to function

56
Q

what is depression

A

intense and pesistant sadness

57
Q

what is mania

A

extreme elation and agitation

58
Q

what is a manic episode

A

a distinct period of abnormality and persistently elavated, expansive, or irritble mood and abnormally and persistently increaded acitivy or energy lasting at least one week

59
Q

what is major depressive disorder comorbid with

A

anxiety disorders an dsubstance use disorders

60
Q

what is a seasonal pattern of depression

A

applies to situtaions in which a person experiences the symptoms of a major depressive disorder only during a particular time of the year

61
Q

what is perpartum onset (postartum depression)

A

major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following birh

62
Q

what is persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

A

depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years, as well as at least two of the other symptoms of major depression

63
Q

what is bipolar disorder

A

involved mood states that fluctute between depression and mania

64
Q

what is the concordance rate of identical twins having depression

A

50%

65
Q

what is the concordance rate of fraternal twins having depression

A

38%

66
Q

what is the concordance rate of identical twins having bipolar disorder

A

67%

67
Q

what is the concordance rate of fraternal twins having bipolar disorder

A

16%

68
Q

what horomone is found in depression

A

cortisol (stress horomone)

69
Q

what neurotransmitters do mood disorders have an imbalance in

A

serotonin and norepinephrine

70
Q

what do the medications for depressiondo

A

they increase serotonin and norepinphrine activity

71
Q

what do the medication for bipolar disorder to

A

they use lithium which blocks norepinephrine acitivity in the synapse

72
Q

amygdala

A

important in assessing the emotional significance of stimiuli and experiencing emotions

73
Q

prefrontal cortx

A

important in regulating and controlling emotions

74
Q

what are the schemas for depression

A

they contain themes of loss, failure, rejection, worthlessness, and inadequacy

75
Q

negative thinking

A

refers to a tendency to percieve negative life events as having stable and global causes

76
Q

hopelessness

A

expectation tha tunpleasant outcomes will occur or desired outcomes will not occur, and there is nothing no one can do to prevent such outcomes

77
Q

what is rumination

A

repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwellign on depressed siymptoms, rather than distracting one’s self from the symptoms or attempting to address them in an active, problem-solving manner

78
Q

hallucinations

A

perceptual experince that occurs in the absence of external stimulation

79
Q

delusions

A

beliefs that are contrary to reality

80
Q

disorganized thinking

A

disjointed and incoherent thought processesd

81
Q

disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

A

unuasual behaviors/movements

82
Q

dopamine hypotehsis

A

an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopaine recpetors are responsible for the onset and maintenence of schizophrenia

83
Q
A

psychology (4 decks)

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