ch 15 psych Flashcards
what is psychopathology
the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (causes), and treatmet
what is psychological disorder
a condition characterized by abnormal thoiughts, feelings, and behaviors
what is a diagnosis
appropriatelky identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms
what are the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
it was published by the american psychiatric assosiation that was published in 1952.
what is the classification system used by most mental health professionals
DSM-5
what are diagnostic features
overview of the disorder
what are diagnoistic criteria
specific symptoms required for diagnosis
what is prevalence
percent of popuation thougt to be affected
what is comorbity
the co-occurence of two disorders
what is a great example of comorbidity
obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder
what is the supernatural perspective
psychological disorders attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding
what are examples of supernatural perspectives
practiioners of black magic, possessed by spirits, and withcraft
what perspective view psychological disordes as linked to biological phenomenom
the biological perspective
what perspective emphasizes the importantce of learning, stress, and faulty and self-defeating thinking patterns, and enviormental factors.
psychosocial perspective
what is the diathesis-stress model
it integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder
what is the underlying predispostion for a disorder
diathesis
what is fear
an instananeous reactoin to an immenient threat
what is anxiety
apprehnsion, avoidence, and cautiousness regarding a potetional threat, danger, or other negative content
what disorder is characterized by excessive and persistent feaer and anxiety
anxiety disorders
what is the prevalnce of anxiety disorders
it effects 25%-20% of the US population. more common in women
what is the most frequently occuring class of mental disorders
anxiety disorders
what is specific phobia
it invovles excessive, distressing, and persistant fear or anxiety about a specif object or situation
what is the prevalnce of specifc phobia
affects 12.5% of the US population at some point in thier lifetimew
what is acroophobia
fear of heights
what is aerophobia
fear of flying
what is arachnophobia
fear of spidersi
what is claustophobia
fear of enclosed spaces
what is agroaphobia
it is characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or recieve helop if one experiences a panic attack
explain classical conditioning with phobias
child is biten by a dog, then the dogs become associated with the bitting, the child experiences fear around dogsw
explain vicarious learning with phobias
child observes his cousin reach with fear around spiders, the child expresses the same fears even if he never presented any danger to him
explain verbal transmission of information based on phobias
a child is continiously told that snakes are dangerous, he starts to fear snakes
what is social anxiety disorder
characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situtaitons in which the person could potentially be evaulated negatively by others, leading to serious impairments in life
what are safety behaviors
menal or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the change of negative socail outcomes
what is the prevalcne of social anxiety disorder
experience by about 12% of americans
what is social anxiety disorder paired with
has a comorbity with alchohol use disorder
what is behavioral inhibition
a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with nfamiliar people or situtaions
what is panic disorder
recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persitant concern about additonal panic attacks, worry over the consequences of the attakcs, or slef-defeating changes in behavior related to the attacks
what is the comorbity with panic disorder
anxiety disorders or major depressive disorder
what is a panic attack
a period of extreme fear of discomfort that develops abruptly and reachs a peak within 10 minutes
what is the heritablitiy of panic disorders
43%
what is generalized anixety disorder
a relatively continious state of excessive, unctrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
what is the comorbity of generalized anxiety disorders
comorbid wit mood disorders and other anxiety disorders
what are obsessions
pesistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that re highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing
what are some common obsessions
concerns about germs and contamination, doubts, order and symmetry, aggressive or lustful urges.
what are compulsions
reptitive and ritiualistic acts, typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event
what is body dysmorphic disorder
involves a rpeoccupation with a percieved flaw in teh individuals phsycial appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people
what is hording disorder
involves great difficulty in discarding possession, regardless of how valueless/useless they are
what are some ocd causes
genetics and conditioning theories
what is the concordance rate of twins having ocd
57%
what is the concordance rate of fraternal twins having ocd
22%
what is an ocd circuit
several interconnected regions that influence percieved emotional value of stimuli and selection of behavioral and cognitive responses
what is the orbitofrontal cortex
involved in learning and decision making
how does ocd affect the orbitiofrontal cortex
it becomes hyperactvie when provoked with tasks such as looking at photos of a toilet.
what is the diagnosis criteria of ptsd
individual was exposed to, witnessed, or experienced the details of a traumatic experienced
what are mood disorders
characterized by massive disruptions in mood and emotions that can cause a distorted outlook on life, and impair ability to function
what is depression
intense and pesistant sadness
what is mania
extreme elation and agitation
what is a manic episode
a distinct period of abnormality and persistently elavated, expansive, or irritble mood and abnormally and persistently increaded acitivy or energy lasting at least one week
what is major depressive disorder comorbid with
anxiety disorders an dsubstance use disorders
what is a seasonal pattern of depression
applies to situtaions in which a person experiences the symptoms of a major depressive disorder only during a particular time of the year
what is perpartum onset (postartum depression)
major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following birh
what is persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years, as well as at least two of the other symptoms of major depression
what is bipolar disorder
involved mood states that fluctute between depression and mania
what is the concordance rate of identical twins having depression
50%
what is the concordance rate of fraternal twins having depression
38%
what is the concordance rate of identical twins having bipolar disorder
67%
what is the concordance rate of fraternal twins having bipolar disorder
16%
what horomone is found in depression
cortisol (stress horomone)
what neurotransmitters do mood disorders have an imbalance in
serotonin and norepinephrine
what do the medications for depressiondo
they increase serotonin and norepinphrine activity
what do the medication for bipolar disorder to
they use lithium which blocks norepinephrine acitivity in the synapse
amygdala
important in assessing the emotional significance of stimiuli and experiencing emotions
prefrontal cortx
important in regulating and controlling emotions
what are the schemas for depression
they contain themes of loss, failure, rejection, worthlessness, and inadequacy
negative thinking
refers to a tendency to percieve negative life events as having stable and global causes
hopelessness
expectation tha tunpleasant outcomes will occur or desired outcomes will not occur, and there is nothing no one can do to prevent such outcomes
what is rumination
repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwellign on depressed siymptoms, rather than distracting one’s self from the symptoms or attempting to address them in an active, problem-solving manner
hallucinations
perceptual experince that occurs in the absence of external stimulation
delusions
beliefs that are contrary to reality
disorganized thinking
disjointed and incoherent thought processesd
disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
unuasual behaviors/movements
dopamine hypotehsis
an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopaine recpetors are responsible for the onset and maintenence of schizophrenia
