Ch 15 - Nervous System & Behavioral Health Flashcards
1
Q
brain
A
contained within the cranium
center for coordinating body activities and comprises the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
2
Q
brainstem
A
contains the pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain
connects to the spinal cord
contains centers that control respiration and HR
3
Q
cerebrum
A
largest portion of brain
controls skeletal muscles, interprets general senses (temp, pain, touch)
contains centers for hearing and sight
intellect, memory, emotional rxns
4
Q
ventricles
A
cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
5
Q
cerebrospinal fluid
A
clear fluid in ventricles flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord
cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transport nutrients, and clears metabolic waste
6
Q
cerebellum
A
located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum;
assists in the coordination of skeletal muscles to main balance aka hindbrain
7
Q
pons
A
means bridge
connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem
8
Q
medulla oblongata
A
located between the pons and spinal cord
contains centers that control respiration, HR, and muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining BP
9
Q
midbrain
A
most superior portion of the brainstem
10
Q
spinal cord
A
passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra
the spinal cord conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain
11
Q
meninges
A
three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord
12
Q
dura mater
A
tough outer layer of the meninges
13
Q
arachnoid
A
delicate middle layer of the meninges
arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers which allows for the subarachnoid space
14
Q
pia mater
A
thin inner layer of the meninges
15
Q
combining form of brain
A
encephal/o
16
Q
combining form of spinal cord
A
myel/o
17
Q
combining form of nerve root
A
radic/o
radicul/o
rhiz/o
18
Q
combining form of nerve
A
neur/o
19
Q
nerve
A
cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another
there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
20
Q
ganglion
A
group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system
21
Q
glia
A
specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue
some cells assist in the secretion of CSF and others assist with phagocytosis.
they do not conduct impulses
PNS contains Schwann cells
CNS contains ependymal cells, astroglia, oligodendroglia, microglia, neuroglia
22
Q
neuron
A
nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system
destroyed neurons in the CNS cannot be replaced
23
Q
combining form of sensation, sensitivity, feeling
A
esthesi/o
24
Q
combining form of mind
A
ment/o, psych/o
25
combining form of one, single
mon/o
26
combining form of speech
phas/o
27
combining form of gray matter
poli/o
28
combining form of four
quadr/i
29
suffix of specialist, physician
-iatrist
30
suffix of treatment, specialty
-iatry
31
suffix of seizure, attack
-ictal
32
suffix of slight paralysis
-paresis
33
cerebellitis
inflammation of the cerebellum
34
cerebral thrombosis
```
pertaining to the cerebrum
abnormal condition of a clot
blood clot of the brain
onset of symptom may appear from minutes to days after an obstruction of occurs
cause of ischemic stroke
```
35
duritis
inflammation of the dura mater
36
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
37
encephalomalacia
softening of the brain
38
encephalomyeloradiclitis
inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, nerve roots
39
gangliitis
inflammation of a ganglion
40
glioblastoma
tumor comprised of developing glia
| the most malignant primary tumor of the brain
41
glioma
tumor composed of glia
| gliomas can develop from any of the four types of glial cells, or from their developing cells
42
meningioma
tumor of the meninges
usually benign and slow growing
most common tumor originating in the brain and surrounding tissues
43
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
44
meningocele
protrusion of the meninges
| through a defect in the skill or vertebral arch
45
meningomyelocele
protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord
through a neural arch defect in the vertebral column
aka myelomeningocele
46
mononeuropathy
disease affecting a single nerve
| such as carpal tunnel syndrome
47
neuralgia
pain in a nerve
48
neuritis
inflammation of a nerve
49
neuroarthropathy
disease of nerves and joints
50
neuropathy
disease of nerves (peripheral)
51
polioneuritis
inflammation of many nerves
52
polyneuropathy
disease of many nerves
most often occurs as a complication of diabetes mellitus
but may also occur as a result of drug therapy, critical illness such as sepsis, carcinoma;
exhibiting symptoms of weakness, distal sensory loss, and burning
53
radiculitis
inflammation of the nerve roots
54
radiculopathy
disease of the nerve roots
55
rhizomeningomyelitis
inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, spinal cord
56
subdural hematoma
pertaining to below the dura mater, tumor of blood
57
hematoma
blood tumor
| a collection of blood resulting from a broken blood vessel
58
alzheimer disease
type of dementia that occurs more frequently after the age of 65, but can begin at any age
the brain shrinks dramatically as nerve cells die and tissues atrophy
the disease is slowly progressive and usually results in profound dementia in 5 to 10 years
prominent feature of AD is the inability to remember the recent past, while distant memories are intact
59
amyotophic lateral sclerosis
progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles
aka ALS, Lou Gehrigs disease
60
Bell palsy
paralysis of muscles on one side of the face caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve
Cranial nerve VII
sagging mouth on the affected side and nonclosure of the eyelid; paralysis is usually temporary
61
cerebral aneurysm
aneurysm in the cerebrum
it is usually asymptomatic until it ruptures, which can be very serious and result in death
62
cerebral embolism
an embolus
usually a blood clot or a piece of atherosclerotic plaque arising from a distant site
63
cerebral palsy
condition characterized lack of muscle control and partial paralysis
caused by a brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after
64
ganglionectomy
excision of a ganglion
| aka gangliectomy
65
neurectomy
excision of a nerve
66
neurolysis
loosening, separating a nerve
| to release it from surrounding tissues
67
neuroplasty
surgical repair of nerve
68
neurorrhaphy
suturing of a nerve
69
neurotomy
incision into a nerve
70
radicotomy, rhizotomy
incision into a nerve root
71
dementia
cognitive impairment characterized by loss of intellectual brain function
PT have difficulty in various ways, including difficulty in performing complex tasks, reasoning, learning and retaining new information, orientation, word finding, and behavior
dementia has several causes and is not considered part of normal aging
72
epilepsy
recurrent seizures
general term to a group of neurologic disorders
all characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain
73
cerebral angiography
record image of the blood vessels of the cerebrum
| after an injection of contrast medium
74
CT myelography
record image of the spinal cord after an injection of contrast agent into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture
size, shape, position of the spinal cord and nerve roots
aka CAT scan
75
electroencephalogram
a record of electrical activity of the brain by electroncephalograph machine
76
electroencephalograph
instrument/machine used to record electrical activity of the brain
77
electroencephalography
process of recording the electrical activity of the brain
78
aphasia
condition of without speaking
| loss of impairment of the ability to speak
79
cephalgia
pain in the head
| headache, migraine, tension headache, cluster headaches account for nearly 90% of all headaches
80
hydrocephalus
congenital or acquired disorder caused by obstructed circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in dilated cerebral ventricles and impaired brain functions
for infants, hydrocephalus can cause enlargement of the cranium
81
intracerebral hemorrhage
bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain
symptoms vary depending on the location of the hemorrhage
acute symptoms: dyspnea, dysphagia, aphasia, diminished level of consciousness, and hemiparesis
symptoms often develop suddenly
intracerebral hemorrhage, a cause of hemorrhagic stroke
frequently associated with hypertension
82
multiple sclerosis
chronic degenerative disease
sclerotic patches along the brain and spinal cord
signs and symptoms fluctuate over course of disease
more common include fatigue, balance, coordination impairments, numbness, vision problems
83
hydrocephalus
congenital or acquired disorder caused by obstructed circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in dilated cerebral ventricles and impaired brain function. for infants, hydrocephalus can cause enlargement of the cranium
84
intracerebral hemorrhage
bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain. symptoms vary depending on the location of the hemorrhage; acute symptoms include dyspnea, dysphagia, aphasia, diminished level of consciousness, and hemiparesis. symptoms develop suddenly
a cause of hemorrhagic stroke is frequently associated with high BP
85
Parkinson disease
chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system
s/s include resting tremors of the hands and feet, rigidity expressionless face, shuffling gait and eventually dementia
usually after age 50
86
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods
87
shingles
viral disease that affects peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves
aka herpes zoster
88
stroke
interruption of blood supply to the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients
cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die within minutes
the parts of the body controlled by the involved cells will experience dysfunction
speech, movement, memory, and other CNS functions may be affected in varying degrees
89
ischemic stroke
result of a blocked blood vessel
90
hemorrhagic stroke
result of bleeding
aka cerebrovascular accident CVA or brain attack
91
subarachnoid hemorrhage
bleeding between the pia mater and arachnoid layers of the meninges (subarachnoid space), caused by a ruptured blood vessel (usually a cerebral aneurysm)
PT may experience intense sudden headache accompanied with nausea vomiting and neck pain
a cause of hemorrhagic stroke
92
transient ischemic attack
sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time
symptoms may be similar to a stroke but TIA symptoms are temporary and usually complete recovery
TIAs are warning signs for eventual occurrence of a stroke
93
dysesthesia
painful sensation
94
dysphasia
condition of difficulty speaking
95
encephalopathy
disease of the brain
96
gliocyte
glial cell
97
hemiparesis
slight paralysis of the half (R or L side of body)
98
hemiplegia
paralysis of the half
| stroke is most common
99
hyperesthesia
excessive sensitivity to stimuli
100
interictal
occurring between seizures or attacks
101
intracerebral
pertaining to within the cerebrum
102
monoparesis
slight paralysis of one (limb)
103
monoplegia
paralysis of one (limb)
104
myelomalacia
softening of the spinal cord
105
neuroid
resembling a nerve
106
parathesia
abnormal sensation such as burning prickling tingling sensation often in the extremities; may be caused by nerve damage or peripheral neuropathy
107
postictal
occurring after a seizure or attack
108
preictal
occurring before a seizure or attack
109
afferent
conveying toward
110
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination
111
cognitive
pertaining to mental processes of comprehension, judgement, memory, and reason
112
coma
state of profound unconsciousness
113
concussion
injury to the brain caused by a minor or major head trauma; symptoms include vertigo, headache, possible loss of consciousness
114
convulsion
sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles; may be present during a seizure
115
disorientation
state of mental confusion as to time, place, identity
116
dysarthria
inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or CNS
-arthria means articulate
117
efferent
conveying away from center
118
gait
manner or style of walking
119
incoherent
unable to express one's thoughts or ideas in an intelligible manner
120
paraplegia
paralysis from the waist down caused by lower spinal cord injury
121
seizure
sudden abnormal surge of electrical activity in the brain resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors
122
shunt
tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid
123
mild cognitive impairment
presence of significant memory difficulty when adjusted for age-related norms. PT usually has difficulty perform activities of daily living
may be an early manifestation of Alzheimer disease or other types of dementia
124
age-associated memory impairment
refers to a normal aging processing which speed of mental processing and the performance of tasks decreases, and recent memory and learning are more difficult
verbal intelligence is preserved
not a forerunner of dementia
125
delirium
potentially reversible acute disturbance of consciousness with impairment of cognition
a number of conditions can cause delirium by interfering with the brain metabolism
may be caused by drugs, alcohol, systemic infections, head trauma, hypoglycemia, electrolyte imbalances
126
pseudodementia
behavioral disorder resembling dementia but is not caused by brain tissue abnormalities
found in mental illness such as major depression, and can be reversible with tx
127
psychosis
abnormal condition of the mind
extreme derangement, delusions, hallucinations
128
psychosomatic
pertaining to the mind and body
129
anxiety disorder
feelings of apprehension, tension, uneasiness arising typically from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger
130
panic attack
episode of sudden onset of acute anxiety, occurring unpredictability, with feelings of acute apprehension, dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, chest pain, depersonalization, paresthesia, fear of dying, loss of mind or control
131
pica
compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice
may be due to iron deficiency, if so then the condition will disappear after iron therapy
132
schizophrenia
any one of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality, disturbance of language and communication, withdrawal from social interaction, and disorganization and fragmentation of thought perception and emotional reaction
133
somatoform disorders
disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists
134
computed tomography
computerized radiographic process producing a series of sectional images (slices) of tissue. CT imaging is commonly used in the brain, spine, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis
135
magnetic resonance imaging
high strength, computer-controlled magnetic fields producing a series of sectional images (slices) that visualize abnormalities such as swelling, infections, tumors, and herniated disks. in addition to the brain and spine, MRI is also commonly used in the abdomen and throughout the musculoskeletal system
136
positron emission tomography
nuclear medicine procedure combining CT and radioactive chemicals to produce sectional images of the brain or other organs to examine blood flow and metabolic activity
137
evoked potential studies (EP studies)
group of diagnostic tests that measure changes and responses in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimuli.
visual evoked response VER
auditory evoked response AER
somatosensory evoked response SSER dt stimuli applied to extremities
138
lumbar puncture
diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae; performed by many reasons, including the removal of cerebrospinal fluid
aka spinal tap
139
poliomyelitis
inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord
