CH 15. Interpretation and Clinical Significance in Quantitative Research

Question 1

Researchers who collect quantitative data typically progress through a series of steps in the analysis and interpretation of their data. Careful researchers lay out a data analysis plan in advance to guide that progress. What phase involves various clerical and administrative tasks?

A)Preanalysis

B)Preliminary assessments and actions

C)Principal analysis

D)Interpretation of quantitative results

Answer 1

A)Preanalysis

Question 2

Careful researchers lay out a data analysis plan in advance to guide that progress. What phase involves collection of data on numerous variables?

A)Preanalysis

B)Preliminary assessments and actions

C)Principal analysis

D)Interpretation of quantitative results

Answer 2

C)Principal analysis

Question 3

How must quantitative data be coded?

A)Missing values

B)Letter codes

C)Numerical values

D)Wild codes

Answer 3

C)Numerical values

Question 4

What is a wild code?

A)Numerical value

B)Missing value

C)Values that lie outside the normal range of values

D)Codes that are not legitimate

Answer 4

D)Codes that are not legitimate

Question 5

What is the error prone process that requires verification?

A)Outliers

B)Data cleaning

C)Data entry

D)Consistency checks

Answer 5

C)Data entry

Question 6

Decisions on handling missing values must be based on the amount of missing data and how missing data are patterned. When is addressing missing data especially important?

A)Sensitivity analyses

B)Intention-to-treat analyses

C)Missing completely at random values pattern

D)Missing at random values pattern

Answer 6

B)Intention-to-treat analyses

Question 7

Steps must almost always be taken to evaluate missing data problems. What occurs with a missing completely at random values pattern?

A)Missing values are just a random sample of all cases in the population.

B)Missing values are just a random subsample of all cases in the sample.

C)Missingness is related to other variables but not related to the value of the variable that has the missing values.

D)A pattern in which the value of the variable is missing is related to its missingness.

Answer 7

B)Missing values are just a random subsample of all cases in the sample.

Question 8

There are two missing values strategies that involve deletion or imputation. What is the analysis of those cases for which there are no missing data?

A)Listwise deletion

B)Pairwise deletion

C)Available case analysis

D)Data transformations

Answer 8

A)Listwise deletion

Question 9

There are two missing values strategies that involve deletion or imputation. What is the most widely used approach to delete cases selectively on a variable-by-variable basis?

A)Listwise deletion

B)Pairwise deletion

C)Complete case analysis

D)Data transformations

Answer 9

B)Pairwise deletion

Question 10

There are two missing values strategies that involve deletion or imputation. What is occurring with a regression-based estimation of missing values?

A)Mean substitution

B)Expectation maximization imputation

C)Complete case analysis

D)Available case analysis

Answer 10

A)
Mean substitution

Question 11

What is an activity that is completed during the preanalysis phase?

A)Entering, verifying, and cleaning data

B)Assessing and handling missing values problems

C)Assessing data quality

D)Assessing bias

Answer 11

A)Entering, verifying, and cleaning data

Question 12

A data cleaning procedure involves consistency checks. What does this focus on?

A)Internal data consistency

B)External data consistency

C)Checking for outliers

D)Checking for wild codes

Answer 12

A)Internal data consistency

Question 13

What is the best method for addressing missing value problems?

A)Expectation maximization

B)Multiple imputations

C)Mean substitution

D)Subgroup mean substitution

Answer 13

B)Multiple imputations

Question 14

Assessing data quality is an early analytic task. A value is considered an extreme outlier when if it is how many times greater than the interquartile range above the third quartile?

A)1

B)2

C)3

D)4

Answer 14

C) 3

Question 15

What is the simplest imputation procedure?

A)Expectation maximization

B)Multiple imputations

C)Mean substitution

D)Subgroup mean substitution

Answer 15

C)Mean substitution

Question 16

Researchers often undertake preliminary analyses to assess biases. What type of bias should nurse researchers check for when nonrandomized comparison groups are used and compared to the groups’ baseline characteristics?

A)Nonresponsive

B)Volunteer

C)Selection

D)Attrition

Answer 16

C)Selection

Question 17

Researchers often undertake preliminary analyses to assess biases. What type of bias should nurse researchers check for when there are multiple points of data collection?

A)Nonresponse

B)Volunteer

C)Selection

D)Attrition

Answer 17

D)Attrition

Question 18

What is occurring with the Kolmorogov-Smirnov test?

A)Tests that the distribution deviates significantly from a normal distribution.

B)Tests that the median deviates significantly from a normal distribution.

C)Tests that the distribution does not deviate significantly from a normal distribution.

D)Tests that the median does not deviate significantly from a normal distribution.

Answer 18

C) Tests that the distribution does not deviate significantly from a normal distribution.

Question 19

What effect can occur when a nurse researcher accumulates a sample over an extended period of time to achieve adequate sample sizes?

A)Overt effect

B)Cohort effect

C)Ordering effect

D)Carryover effect

Answer 19

B)Cohort effect

Question 20

What type of analysis occurs when test research hypotheses using different assumptions or different strategies?

A)Substantive

B)Descriptive

C)Supplementary

D)Sensitivity

Answer 20

D)Sensitivity