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PSYCH 105 > Ch 15 > Flashcards

Ch 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Considerations when defining “abnormal”

A
  1. The personal values of a diagnostician
  2. The expectations of the culture in which the person lives
  3. The expectations of the person’s culture of origin
  4. General assumptions about human nature
  5. Statistical deviation from the norm
  6. Harmfulness, suffering, and impairment
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2
Q

Social construct 3 D’s

A
  • Distressing: distressing to self or others
  • Dysfunctional: dysfunctional for the person or society
  • Deviant: violates social norms
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3
Q

Diagnosis

A

Identifying an illness or disorder

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4
Q

Etiology

A

Causation and developmental history of an illness or disorder

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5
Q

Prognosis

A

The probable course of a disease or ailment

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6
Q

Prevalence

A

Proportion of a population with a disorder at a given time (current, time span, lifetime)

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7
Q

Demonic model

A

Abnormal behaviour is the result of supernatural forces

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8
Q

Medical model

A

Abnormal behaviour is the result of bodily processes
→ disorders as diseases

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9
Q

Early biological views

A
  • Mental illnesses are diseases like physical illness that affect the brain
  • Hippocrates
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10
Q

Institutionalization

A

Movement to relocate mentally ill individuals into asylums or institutions
→ remove individuals from the community

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11
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A

Movement to remove mentally ill individuals from institutions and instead integrate them into communities

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12
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

Development of disorders is influenced by the complex interaction between genes and environment
→ genes provide an underlying vulnerability (diathesis) to a given disorder
→ environmental stressors can influence the likelihood of developing that disease

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13
Q

Diagnostic considerations

A

Reliability
→ clinicians using the system should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic decisions

Validity
→ the diagnostic categories should accurately capture the essential features of the various disorders

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14
Q

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders— 5th edition (DSM-5)

A

Section 1: history of revisions and changes
Section 2: criteria for main diagnostic categories and other disorders (list disorders and symptoms)
Section 3: assessment measures, criteria for disorders that need further research

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15
Q

Issues with diagnostic labels

A

Social and personal considerations:
→ easy to accept a label as a description of the diagnosed individual (assuming the individual fits the stereotype of the disorder)
→ diagnosed individual may accept the new identity implied by the label (develop the expected role and outlook)

Legal consequences
→ involuntary commitment
→ loss of civil rights
→ indefinite detainment

Legal considerations
→ competency
→ state of mind at the time of a judicial hearing
→ insanity
→ state of mind at the time a crime was committed

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16
Q

Culture universality

A

Disorders are found across multiple cultures with similar symptoms though names and treatments may differ

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17
Q

Culture bound disorders

A

Disorders only found in certain cultures or specific contexts

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18
Q

Anxiety disorders

A
  • Class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension
    → frequency and intensity of anxiety responses out of proportion to situations that trigger them
    → out of proportion responses have emotional, psychological, behavioural, and cognitive components
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19
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A
  • Chronic high levels of diffuse anxiety that are not tied to any specific threat
    → constant feelings of dread
    → physical symptoms: dizziness, trembling, muscle weakness, heart palpitations, exhaustion
  • starts carrier than other anxiety disorders
  • more common in women than men
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20
Q

Phobic disorders (phobias)

A
  • Persistent, intense, and irrational fear of objects or situations that pose no real threat
    → often develop during childhood or adolescence (persists over time and may worsen without treatment)
  • degree of impairment depends on how often the condition is encountered
  • more common in women than men
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21
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of open and public spaces

22
Q

Social phobias

A

Fear of certain social situations

23
Q

Panic disorder

A
  • Recurrent, intense instances of anxiety with suciden and unexpected onset
    → panic attack: unexpected anxious feelings that can ramp up in intensity to fear or even terror
    → anxiety attack: often triggered by a certain stressor
  • more common in women than in men
  • develops on late adolescence or early adulthood
24
Q

Factors involved in anxiety disorders

A

Biological factors
- monozygotic twins more similar than dizygotic twins
- low levels of GABA correlate to more reactive nervous systems

Cognitive factors:
- Maladaptive thoughts and beliefs
→ appraising things “catastrophically”

Environmental (learning) factors:
- Classical conditioning: associating an object or situation with pain and trauma
- modelling: learning by watching others

Sociocultural factors:
- culture defines what is important therefore influencing what people worry about

25
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- Persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in ritual behaviours → obsessions: cognitive component (repetitive and unwelcome thoughts) → compulsions: behavioural component (repetitive behavioural responses) - equal prevalence between sexes
26
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Enduring psychological disturbance after experiencing traumatic events → physical and emotional trauma from direct or indirect experience with short or long term exposure
27
Depression
- Clinical depression: frequency, intensity, and duration of symptoms is out of proportion to the situation - Major depressive disorder:persistent feelings of sadness, despair, and loss of interest in activities that used to bring enjoyment → anhedonia: reduced ability to experience pleasure → lasts for weeks, months, or years - chronic depressive disorder: far less intense
28
Bipolar disorders
Bipolar I disorder - periods of depression alternate with mania → manic state: opposite symptoms to depressive state → a single manic episode is sufficient for diagnosis Bipolar II disorder - periods of depression alternate with hypomania (milder version of mania that lasts for a shorter period)
29
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
- Pattern of depression that rises and falls with the seasons (circannual rythym) → leads to excessive sleep and increased appetite - winter depression usually linked to the fact that days are shorter and reduced daylight - phototherapy: patient sits in front of high-intensity lights for a couple hours a day
30
Factors involved in mood (affective) disorders
Biological factors - under-activity of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin for depression Psychological factors - personality-based vulnerability (negative thought patterns or self-perceptions) - psychodynamic view: traumatic loss/rejection creates vulnerability - humanistic view: define self-worth in terms of individual attainment; react strongly to failures/inadequacies (feelings of meaninglessness) Cognitive factors - depressive cognitive triad: negative thoughts about the world, oneself, and the future - cannot suppress negative thoughts - depressive attributional pattern: success = outside factors failures: personal factors Environmental (learning) factors - learnedhelplessness - loss of reinforcers Sociocultural factors - prevalence of depressive disorders - feelings of guilt and inadequacy
31
Depersonalization/derealization disorder (dissociative disorder)
→ depersonalization: feeling separates from your body → derealization: sense that the world is strange or unreal
32
Dissociative amnesia
Extensive memory loss following trauma → dissociative fugue: forget and flee their stressful life
33
Dissociative identity disorder
- Presence of multiple distinct personality states - each identity (alter) is unique (individual set of memories, ideas, thoughts) - caused by trauma-dissociation theory, posttramautic model
34
Antisocial personality disorder
- most destructive to society - exhibit little anxiety or guilt (no conscience) - unable to delay gratification of needs (impulsive) - often manipulative
35
Narcissistic personality disorder
- Individuals display grandiose fantasies - lack of empathy for others - oversensitive to evaluation and criticism - constant need for admiration from others
36
Borderline personality disorder
- Instability in behaviour, emotion, identity - emotional dysregulation - Intense and unstable personal relationships - impulsive behaviour (running away, promiscuity, drug abuse)
37
Avoidant personality disorder
- extreme social discomfort and timidity - feeling inadequate - fear of being negatively evaluated
38
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
- Extreme perfectionism, orderliness, and inflexibility - preoccupied with mental and interpersonal control (rules, lists, schedules)
39
Schizotypal personality disorder
- Extreme discomfort in social situations - difficulty with close relationships - often display superstitious and unusual behaviours (eccentric, odd)
40
Somatic system disorders
Physical symptoms that have no biological cause
41
Hypochonetriasis (now considered an illness anxiety disorder)
Excessively alarmed about symptoms; believe they are seriously ill or are about to become seriously ill
42
Pain disorder
Experience pain out of proportion to any stimulation
43
Conversion disorder
Sudden paralysis, blindness, loss of sensation
44
Neurodevelopemental disorders
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) - poor communication skills (impared language developement) - lack of social responsiveness (difficulty with eye contact) - repetitive and stereotyped behaviours (routines can be essential) - atypical thought patterns Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder - attentional difficulties, hyperactivity-impulsivity - correlates with occupational, family, emotional and interpersonal problems - genetic predispositions
45
Schizophrenia
Severe disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion, and behaviour - delusions: false beliefs sustained despite dispelling evidence → delusions of grandeur: overestimate importance → delusions of persecution: someone is out to get them - hallucinations: false perceptions that feel real
46
Outdated subtypes of schizophrenia
- paranoid: delusions of persecution and grandeur - disorganized: confusion and incoherence - catatonic: severe motor disturbances - undifferentiated: not easily classified
47
Subtypes of schizophrenia
Type I - predominance of positive symptoms - pathological extremes - delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech and thought Type II - predominance of negative symptoms - Absence of normal reactions - lack of emotion, expression, motivation
48
Biological factors in schizophrenia
- dopamine hypothesis: theory that schizophrenia involves high dopamine activity → aberrant salience hypothesis: suggests high levels of dopamine increase attentional and motivational circuits (makes ordinary environmental features seem significant) - tardive dyskinesia: involuntary movements due to long-term blocking of dopamine receptors - glutamate theory: hypofunction of NMDA receptors > increases glutamate > increases dopamine → produces positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
49
Environmental factors in schizophrenia
- stressful life events interact with other vulnerabilities - high reactivity → psychotic behaviours - Negative family dynamics can increase likelihood; homes high in expressed emotion (criticism, hostility, overinvolvement)
50
Sociocultural factors in schizophrenia
- Social causation hypothesis: higher levels of stress among low-income populations - social drift hypothesis: as functioning deteriorates, individuals drift down socioeconomic ladder

PSYCH 105 (8 decks)

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