Ch 13 Flashcards
1
Q
Attribution
A
Judgements about causes of our own and other people’s behaviour/outcomes
2
Q
Internal attribution
A
- Dispositional
- Ex. Jane is late for work → Jane is irresponsible
3
Q
External attribution
A
- Situational
- Ex. Jane is late for work → Jane is stuck in traffic
4
Q
Kelly’s theory
A
- Attributional factors: consistency, distinctiveness, consensus
→ personal attribution: consistency high, distinctiveness and consensus low
→ situational attribution:all three are high
5
Q
Fundamental attribution error
A
- exploring others’ behaviour while underestimating the impact of situational factors and overestimating the role of personal factors
- applies to others but not ourselves
→ have more information about ourselves
→ others are “figure” and we are “background” (situation stands out)
6
Q
Self-serving bias
A
- Explaining our own behaviour
- more personal attributions for successes
- more situational attributions for failures
- strength depends on psychological state
→ ex. People with depression have more personal attributions for failures
7
Q
Individualistic cultures
A
- treating ourselves as separate and unique individuals
- more personal attributions
- “western bias”
8
Q
Collectivist cultures
A
- More responsibility for failures and attribute successes to the group
- focuses on society, groups, and family
9
Q
Primacy effect (first impressions)
A
- Attach more importance to initial information
- Tend to be most alert to information received first
- initial information may shape how we perceive subsequent information
10
Q
Mental set
A
Perceiving the world in a particular way
11
Q
Schemas
A
Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information under particular conditions
→ mental shortcuts
→ expectations
12
Q
Stereotypes
A
- Generalized belief about a group or category
- powerful type of schema
13
Q
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A
Expectations we have affect behaviour toward others, causing expected behavions that confirm our expectations
14
Q
Social influence
A
- The mere presence of others
→ enhance or hinder performance
→ depends upon the task - social facilitation
→ Increased tendency to perform one’s dominant response in the presence of others
→ Typically correct when task is easy
→ typically incorrect when task is hard
15
Q
Social norms
A
- shared expectations about how people should think, feel, and behave
- Regulate daily behaviour without conscious awareness
16
Q
Social roles
A
- Consists of a set of norms that characterize how people in a social position should behave
- role conflict: norms for different roles clash
- norms and roles can cause uncharacteristic behaviour
17
Q
Conformity
A
- Following or adjusting individual behaviours, attitudes or beliefs to match that of a group standard (essential for norms to influence people)
→ informational social influence: conformity because we believe others have accurate knowledge and are “right”
→ normative social influence: conforming to obtain rewards and avoid rejection
18
Q
Norm of reciprocity
A
The expectation that when others treat us well, we should respond in a kind matter
19
Q
Door-in-the-face-technique
A
- persuader makes a large request with the expectation of refusal
- persuader then makes a smaller request
20
Q
Foot-in-the-door-technique
A
- persuader obtains compliance with a small request
- persuader later presents a larger request
21
Q
Lowballing
A
- Persuader gets person to commit to some action
- before action is performed, persuader increases “cost” of the action
22
Q
Deindividuation
A
Loss of individuality that leads to disinhibited behaviour
→ riots, acts of genocide etc.
→ anonymity to outsiders reduce feelings of accountability
→ increased responsiveness to group norms
23
Q
Groupthink: conformity to the extreme
A
- Overestimating the abilities of the group
→ perceived invulnerability and morality (cannot make the wrong choices, we are the best) - close-mindedness
→ divergent thinking is discouraged
→ formation of enforcers - pressure for uniformity
24
Q
The bystander effect
A
A person in need is less likely to receive help as the number of people who are present increases
→ diffusion of responsibility: as the number of people present increases, the relative level of accountability of each person decreases
→ pluralistic ignorance: when people fail to act because they rely on social cues from others to guide their behaviour, but those other people also face this uncertainty
25
Religious cults
- A cult is generally a religious group that is outside the realm of mainstream religion
- common traits:
→ charismatic leader
→ love bombing
→ isolation from outsiders
- escalation of commitment: the longer one remains in a group, despite experiencing increasingly negative outcomes, the more difficult it is to leave the group
26
Attitudes
- Variations in thoughts, ideas, opinions
- three components:
→ cognitive: thoughts and logic (beliefs) about specific attributes or overall object
→ affective: emotional components (feelings) about specific attributes or overall object
→ behavioural: actions that reflect support for one's attitudes (behavioural intentions)
27
Cognitive dissonance
When attitudes and behaviours toward that attitude are inconsistent a state of unease is felt (thinking one thing and doing something that does not align with those thoughts)
→ individual is motivated to reduce cognitive dissonance by changing or distorting attitude/behaviour
28
Stereotypes
- Attitudes and opinions about people based on their group affiliation
- assumes that the in-group is heterogeneous while the out-group is homogeneous
29
Stereotype threat
When a person or group experiences significant fear of confirming negative expectations about one's own social group; affects performance and behaviour
30
Prejudice
Learned negative attitudes or opinions that a person has towards certain groups
→ object of hate that is learned through parents, peers, culture, environment
→ not the same as stereotypes (overgeneralizations and not necessarily negative)
31
Discrimination
Adverse behaviours directed at groups in which one holds negative and prejudicial beliefs
→ prejudice is a negative attitude, discrimination is a negative action or behaviour
32
Scapegoat
- Target those with less power
- feel empowered
- minorities against minorities
33
Realistic conflict theory
- limited resources
- competition creates conflict
34
Aggression
- behaviour that is intended to harm another
- amygdala/hypothalamus activity and deficient frontal lobe activity can be a cause for aggressive behaviours
- lower levels of serotonin or higher levels of testosterone are associated with greater aggression
35
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
- Frustration leads to aggression (aggression is a result of frustration)
- no longer accepted because aggression can result from multiple stimuli (provocation, crowding, heat)
36
Reinforcement
Aggression increases when behaviour produces positive outcome for the individual
37
Modeling
Positive correlation between aggressive children and parents who model aggressive behaviour
38
Self-justification
- blame victim
- minimize serousness
- dehumanize victim
39
Attribution of intentionality
Perceiving others as having hostile intent
40
Degree of empathy
- how well do we understand others' viewpoint
- ability to regulate emotions
41
Principle of catharsis
- Aggressive behaviour discharges aggressive energy
→ behaviour temporarily reduces impulses to aggress
- channel aggressive behaviours into socially acceptable behaviours
42
Overcontrolled hostility
- Little immediate reaction
- after provocations accumulate, can suddenly erupt into violence
- "bottling up emotions"
43
Social learning
- Exposure to media violence is related to the tendency to behave aggressively
→ learn through modelling
→ believe aggression is usually rewarded
→ desensitized to sight and sound of violence
44
Prosocial behaviour (helping others)
- Kim selection: most likely to help offers with which we share the most genes
- reciprocal altruism: helping others increases the likelihood that they will help us in the future
- norm of reciprocity: should help others when others help us
- norm of social responsibility: should help others and contribute to society's welfare
- socialization: children act more pro-socially if taught empathy
45
Empathy - altruism hypothesis
- Empathy is the ability to share another person's experience
- empathy produces altruism
46
Negative state relief model
- Self-focused goal, not altruistic (selfless concern for the well-being of others)
- high empathy causes distress when others suffer
- reduced personal feelings of distress
