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PSYCH 105 > Ch 14 > Flashcards

Ch 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Stress

A

A range of concepts from external environmental stimuli to internal experiences and bodily responses

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2
Q

Stressors

A

External stimuli and events that are perceived as potential for harm, loss, damage, challenge or other deviations from a balanced state

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3
Q

Stress responses

A

Internal integrated cognitive and biological responses to stressors that then work to restore a balanced state

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4
Q

Primary appraisals

A

Based on perceptions of stressor characteristics, magnitude of demand, and relevance

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5
Q

Secondary appraisals

A

Based on perceptions of the resources available for coping with specific stressors
→ internal factors: ex. personality and personal abilities
→ external factors: ex. social support or financial resources

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6
Q

Challenges

A

Situations where resources exceed the demands of the situation
→ the potential for positive outcomes and gain are more likely to be perceived as challenges

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7
Q

Threats

A

Situations where demands exceed the resources available for coping
→ danger, uncertainty, uncontrollability, and high levels of effort have higher “demands” and are more likely to be perceived as threats

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8
Q

Acute stressors

A

Short-term external circumstances or stimuli, lasting minutes to hours

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9
Q

Chronic stressors

A

Enduring external circumstances or stimuli, lasting weeks to years

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10
Q

Traumatic stressors

A

Stressors involving threat to your own or another person’s life or physical integrity

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11
Q

Frustration

A

Feeling of being upset or annoyed, especially due to inability to change or achieve something
→ emotion or state we experience when we fail in the pursuit of a goal
→ can lead to aggression

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12
Q

Internal conflict

A

When multiple incompatible motivations or behavioural impulses compete for expression

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13
Q

Lewin

A

Described 3 basic types of conflict
1. Approach-approach: choose between two attractive goals
2. Avoidance-avoidance: choose between two unattractive goals
3. Approach-avoidance: choose if you want to pursue a single goal with attractive and unattractive aspects

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14
Q

Life changes

A

Any substantial alteration in your living circumstances that require adjustments
→ change can be stressful
→ good and bad changes

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15
Q

Pressure

A

Involves expectations (demands) that you behave in a certain way; can come from ourselves or others
→ time pressure: get it done by a deadline
→ pressure to conform: match group expectations
→ performance pressure: meet a certain goal or level

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16
Q

Emotional responses

A
  • Complicated and changing relationship between stress and emotion
  • chronic negative emotions linked to negative health outcomes
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17
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Inverted u-shape curve for the relationship between stress and performance
→ too little or too much stress impairs performance

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18
Q

Maximal adaptability model

A

Emphasizes that animals are highly adaptive to stressors and can maintain high levels of performance even when experiencing an underload or overload of the demands of the environment

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19
Q

Physiological responses

A
  • The stress response that serves to protect us from harm and restore balance to the body
    → homeostasis: the state of balance that is upset by stressors and restored by the stress response
  • a coordinated response that allows us to mobilize energy to deal with a stressor, avoid injury, and reduce risk for infection
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20
Q

Neurobiological response

A
  • Amygdala: responds rapidly to potential stressors; earliest stress response
    → in coordination with other brain areas that can increase or decrease the amygdala’s response
  • hippocampus: learning and memory
  • prefrontal cortex: higher-order processing of stimuli
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21
Q

Biological response

A

Autonomic nervous system
- sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
→ fight or flight
→ stimulates the release of stress hormones (epinephirine and
norepinephirine)
- parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
→ dampening the stress response

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
Amygdala → hypothalamus → CRH → pituitary gland → ACTH → adrenal glands → cortisol

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22
Q

Feedback loops

A

Output from one system influences the output of another system by stimulating (positive feedback) or inhibiting (negative feedback) the second system
→ HPA contains negative feedback loops

23
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Used by the autonomic nervous system
→ Sympathetic nervous system serving as the activator and the parasympathetic nervous system serving as the regulator/inhibitor

24
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Immune system response to injury, infection, and psychological stressors that allows for the killing of foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria as well as the healing of bodily tissue
→ acute stressors; body increases level of proteins called cytokines that regulate inflammation

25
Eustress (good stress)
External circumstances, internal emotional experiences, and bodily responses that can be beneficial and motivating
26
Distress (bad stress)
External circumstances, internal emotional experiences, and bodily responses that can be harmful, reduce motivation, and impair functioning
27
General adaptation syndrome
Phase 1— alarm - activation of sympathetic nervous system (release of stress hormones) → triggers increase in blood sugars → immune system is more active - cannot last indefinitely → parasympathetic nervous system times to restore homeostasis → if stressor persists so does response Phase 2— resistance - able to resist stress well because levels of arousal are elevated and maintained - continued recruitment of resources → can last a long time but resources are continuously being depleted Phase 3— exhaustion - resources dangerously depleted - increased vulnerability to disease - can come in the form of cardiovascular problems or immune system difficulties
28
Coping stress
Active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress
29
Learned helplessness
Passive behaviour due to exposure to unavoidable aversive events → giving up, acceptance, resignation → "it's out of my control"
30
Self-blame
Become overly self-critical
31
Self-indulgence
Reduced self-control when facing stressors (acting on impulses) → increase levels of stress can lead to changes in eating habits, spending habits etc. → linked to addiction
32
Defence mechanisms
Mainly unconscious actions to handle emotions triggered by stress
33
Constructive coping
Relatively healthful efforts to deal with stressful events → doesn't guarantee successful outcome → allows us to approach or frame the stressor in a useful way
34
Burnout
Physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy → comes on gradually due to chronic work-related stress → too much work, too few resources, lack of control, lack of recognition, lack of social support
35
Post-tramautic stress disorder (PTSD)
Enduring psychological disturbance after experiencing traumatic events → distress, flashbacks, depression, anxiety, insomnia
36
Diathesis-stress model
Theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic/biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions that play a facilitating role
37
Stress and illness
- Stress associated with an increase in chronic conditions → increased risk with number of stressors - decreased immune function - worsen pre-existing conditions - deterioration of hippocampus and memory impairment
38
Type A personality
- Strong competitive orientation - Impatience and time urgency - anger and hostility
39
Type B personality
- relatively relaxed and easygoing - good-natured behaviour - less competitive and aggressive
40
Neuroticism
High neuroticism is associated with experiencing negative emotions and getting intro stressful situations through maladaptive behaviour
41
Mindfullness
- Characterized by focusing on the present moment and an accepting approach to one's thoughts and feelings - mindfulness based stress reduction: enhanced physical health indexed by medical symptoms, pain perception, physical impairments and functional qualify of life
42
Optimism
- Belief in the outcome - less helpless - better adjustment to negative life events - better health
43
Stress and mental health
- Stressors involving social rejection most likely trigger depression - childhood stressors have been shown to be harmful with long-lasting effects
44
Acute illnesses
- May last longer when an individual is stressed Ex. Asthma attacks and latent viruses can be more severe when an individual is stressed
45
Chronic illnesses
- Can be more severe when an individual is stressed Ex. Cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune diseases can be influenced by stress
46
Chronic inflammation
Increased level of inflammatory proteins in the body → prolonged exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines can lead to cell death and tissue damage
47
Biological aging
Tendency for reduced cellular performance as we age → diseases consist of cardiovascular, autoimmune and neurodegenerative → telomeres: DNA protein complexes that cap chromosomes and protect against damage to the DNA that encodes our genes
48
Social support
- Emotional support: expressions of empathy, love and care when someone is experiencing stressors - instrumental support: tangible help (ex. Offering to take notes for someone) - informational support: advice and information that people can give us to change the impact of a stressor - appraisal support: help evaluating the demands of a situation and the resources available to cope with it
49
Hardiness (protective factor)
- Commitment - control (perceived) over situation— strongest component - Challenge— situation is a challenge not a threat
50
Coping self-efficacy
- Increased efficacy from: → previous successes → observing others → social encouragement - shown to increase immune system functioning
51
Health psychology
- Recognizes the role that behaviour plays in health maintenance - studies psychological and behavioural factors in the prevention and treatment of illness and in the maintenance of health
52
How people change
1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance 6. Termination
53
Positive psychology
- Psychological research-derived suggestions that may help you maintain and enhance personal happiness → develop close relationships with others → look for ways to help others, reach out to the less fortunate → set meaningful personal goals and work towards them → made time for enjoyable activities → nurture physical well-being → be open to new experiences → cultivate optimism

PSYCH 105 (8 decks)

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