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Financial Acct Systems 2 > Ch 14 p. 2 > Flashcards

Ch 14 p. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the value of a bond during a leveraged buyout? Why?

A

They lose value

Loss in value occurs because additional debt added in capital structure increases likelihood of default

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2
Q

Firm underwriting

A

Investment banks underwrite entire issue of bond by guaranteeing certain sum to company

Taking risk of selling bonds for whatever price they can get

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3
Q

Best efforts underwriting

A

Investment bank sells bond issue for commission onProceeds of sale

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4
Q

Private placement

A

Issuing company sells bonds directly to large institution,Financial or otherwise without aid of underwriting

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5
Q

Secured bonds

A

Backed by pledge of some sort of collateral

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6
Q

Mortgage bonds

A

Secured by claim on real estate

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7
Q

Collateral trust bonds

A

Secured by stocks and bonds of other corporations

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8
Q

Unsecured bonds

A

Bonds not backed by collateral

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9
Q

Junk bond, define? what do companies use these bonds for?

A

Unsecured and very risky, paying high interest rate

Used to finance leveraged buyouts

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10
Q

Term bonds

A

Bond issues that mature on single date

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11
Q

Serial bonds

A

Mature in installments

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12
Q

Serially maturing bonds are frequently used by… 4 things

A

School or sanitary districts, municipalities or other local

Taxing bodies that receive money through special levy

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13
Q

Callable bonds

A

Give issuer right to call and redeem bonds prior to maturity

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14
Q

Convertible bonds

A

Bonds are convertible into other securities of corporationFor specified time after issuance

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15
Q

What 2 types of bonds have been developed in attempt to attract capital in a tight money market?

A

1 commodity backed bonds2 deep discount bonds

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16
Q

Commodity backed bonds AKA asset-linked bonds

A

Redeemable in measures of commodity such as barrels ofOil, tons of coal, ounces of rare metal

Ex. Sunshine mining sold 2 issues of bonds redeemable with either $1000 cash or 50 ounces of silver, whichever isGreater at maturity, stated interest rate 8.5%

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17
Q

Deep discount bonds AKA zero interest debenture

A

Sold at discount provides buyers with total interest payoff At maturity

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18
Q

Registered bonds define, what 2 things do they require?

A

Bonds issued in name of owner

Require surrender of certificate and issuance of new
Certificate to complete sale

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19
Q

Bearer AKA coupon bond

A

Not recorded in name of owner

May be transferred from one owner to another by delivery

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20
Q

Income bonds

A

Pay no interest unless issuing company is profitable

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21
Q

Revenue bonds

A

Interest is paid from specific revenue sources

Ex. Issued by airports, school districts, counties, toll road authorities and government bodies

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22
Q

Bond is valued by its

A

Present value of expected future cashflows from interest

And principal

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23
Q

Stated AKA coupon or nominal rate

A

Interest rate written on bond certificate

Expressed as percentage of Maturity value

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24
Q

2 other names for maturity value

A

Par value, principal amount

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25
Q

Discount

A

Bonds sell for less than face value

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26
Q

Premium

A

Bonds sell for more than face value

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27
Q

Effective yield AKA Market rate

A

Interest actually earned by bond holders

28
Q

Recall that discount on bonds payable due to its relation to interest, companies…

A

Amortize the discount and charge it to interest expense

Over period of time that bonds are outstanding

29
Q

Amortization: straight line method

A

Amortizes constant amount each interest period

30
Q

1 Amortization of discount…

2 While amortization of premium…

A

1 Increases interest expense

2 Decreases interest expense

31
Q

When companies issue bonds on other than interest payment dates, buyers of the bonds will pay the sell the…

A

Interest accrued from the last interest payment date

To the date of issue

32
Q

Preferred procedure for amortization of discount or premium: effective interest method AKA present value amortization
Equation (simple, broken down)

A

Amortization amt. =Bond Interest Expense - Bond Interest Paid

(carrying value of bonds at beginning of period x effective int. rt.)
- (face amount of bonds x stated int. rt.)

33
Q

How are unamortized bond issue costs treated?

A

Treated ad deferred charge and amortized over life of debt

34
Q

IFRS: issue costs requirement, and it’s effect?

A

Requires issue costs reduce carrying amount of the bond

This increases the effective interest rate

35
Q

Extinguishment of debt

A

Companies Payment of debt

36
Q

Extinguishment of debt: if the company holds bonds to maturity

A

Company doesn’t compute any gains or losses

37
Q

Reacquisition price

A

Amount paid on extinguishment or redemption before maturity

Including call premium and expense of Reacquisition

38
Q

Net carrying amount of bonds on any specified sate

A

Amount payable at maturity adjusted for unamortized

Premium or discount and cost of issuance

39
Q

Gain from extinguishment

A

Any excess of net carrying amount over Reacquisition price

40
Q

Loss from extinguishment

A

Excess of reacquisition price over net carrying amount

41
Q

In substance defeasance

A

Arrangement whereby company provides future repayment
Of Longterm debt issue by placing purchased securities in
Irrevocable trust

Not considered extinguishment of debt

42
Q

The amortized premium or discount and any costs of issue applicable to the bonds must be…

A

Amortized up to reacquisition date

43
Q

Refunding, when is it advantageous?

A

Replacement of an existing bond issue with a new one

Advantageous to replace entire outstanding bond issue
With a new issue bearing a lower interest rate

44
Q

Longterm notes payable, 2 similarities to bonds, 1 difference

A

Similar in substance to bonds: 1 fixed maturity dates
2 carrying either stated or implicit interest rate

Difference: do not trade as readily as bonds in
Public security markets

45
Q

In instances where company measures present value of debt instrument by fair value of property, goods or services: if there is no stated rate of interest, the amount of interest is…

A

Difference between face amount of note and fair value

Of property

46
Q

1 Imputation

2 Imputed interest rate

A

1 process of interest rate approximation

2 resulting interest rate from imputation

47
Q

Mortgage note payable

A

Promissory note secured by document called mortgage
That pledges title to property as security for loan

Most common form of Longterm notes payable

48
Q

Point

A

One percent of effective interest rate of note

49
Q

Fixed rate mortgages

A

Interest rate stays constant

50
Q

Variable rate mortgages AKA floating rate or adjustable rate mortgages

When are they adjusted? What are they pegged to either of 2 rates?

A

Feature interest rates tied to changes in fluctuating market
Rate

Lenders adjust interest rates in either 1 year or 3 year intervals

Adjustments pegged to changes in prime rate or US Treasury
Bond rate

51
Q

What happens if companies choose the fair value option?

A

Noncurrent liabilities: bonds, and notes payable are recorded
At fair value

unrealized holding gains or losses reported as part of
net income

52
Q

Unrealized holding gain or loss

A

Net change in fair value of liability from 1 period to another
Exclusive of interest expense recognized but not recorded

53
Q

Off balance sheet financing

A

Attempt to borrow monies in such a way to prevent

Recording obligations

54
Q

3 common forms of off balance sheet financing

A

1 non-consolidated subsidiary

2 special-purpose entity (SPE)

3 operating leases

55
Q

Off balance sheet financing: non-consolidated subsidiary

A

Parent company doesn’t have to consolidate subsidiary
Company that is less than 50 percent owned

Parent doesn’t need to report assets and liabilities of
Subsidiary

56
Q

Off balance sheet financing: special-purpose entity (SPE)

2 Project financing arrangement, why is it used?

A

1 Created to perform special project

2 management creates an SPE for purpose to build project

Management does not want to report the plant or borrowing
Used to fund the construction on the balance sheet

57
Q

Off balance sheet financing: SPE: take or pay contracts

A

The SPE finances and builds the plant, while the company
Guarantees that it or outside party will purchase all products
Produced by plant

Allows company to keep assets and liabilities from project
Off balance sheet

58
Q

Off balance sheet financing: operating leases

A

Instead of owning assets companies lease them

Only report rent expense and note of disclosure

59
Q

In order to get off balance sheet financing special purpose entities (SPEs) often use…

A

Leases

60
Q

Why do companies engage in off balance sheet financing? 2 main reasons

A

1 many believe removing debt enhances quality of balance
Sheet and permits credit to be obtained more readily at
Cheaper rate

2 loan covenants limit amount of debt company may have

61
Q

To fight off balance sheet debt, what does SOX require companies to disclose? 2 things, how are they presented?

A

1 all contractual obligations in tabular format

2 contingent liabilities and commitments in either textual
Or tabular format

62
Q

IFRS securities are not required to disclose…

A

All contractual obligations or contingent liabilities

63
Q

Debt to assets ratio, what does it measure?

A

Debt to assets = total liablities/total assets

Measures percentage of total assets provided by creditors

64
Q

Times interest earned ratio, what does it measure?

A

Times interest earned =
(Income before income taxes and interest expense)/(interest exp.)

Indicates company’s ability to meet interest payments
As they come due

65
Q

In the banking industry when the company bond’s credit rating drops…

A

They can record a gain, because their liability value drops

If value of company’s liability is less they are better off
So they can record a gain

Financial Acct Systems 2 (22 decks)

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