Ch 14 Innate Non-Specific Immunity

Question 1

Barriers in the body include ____________.

Answer 1

1. Skin

2. mucous membranes w/goblet cells to trap m/o

Question 2

Innate immunity components include: ___________.

Answer 2

BTCCCIF

Barriers
Toll-like receptors
Cells
Complement
Cytokines
Inflammation
Fever

Question 3

What makes good skin physical barriers?

Answer 3

thick epithelial tissue
sloughs off
dry
keratin - tough, dry, water repellant
normal flora - no place to colonize

Question 4

What makes skin a good barrier, chemically speaking?

Answer 4

sweat is salty, antimicrobial w/lysozymes
low pH
oil/lipid not good source of food (hard to break down for m/o)
normal flora

Question 5

When the body uses innate or non-specific immunity, the response is __________.

Answer 5

the same regardless of the microorganism

Question 6

What makes mucous membranes good physical barriers?

Answer 6

cilia in respiratory tract moves substances away
flushed w/fluids (saliva)
mucous traps m/o
normal flora competes

Question 7

What makes mucous membranes a good barrier chemically?

Answer 7

Low pH ie: GI tract
Lysozymes (antimicrobial break down m/o CW)
Lactoferrins bind Iron, which m/o need to live
Normal flora secrete bacteriocides that kill m/o
Peroxidases produce oxygen radicals, which are toxic to anaerobes.

Question 8

Which bacteria is more susceptible to Lysozymes? Gram + or - ?

Answer 8

Gram + are more susceptible to lysozymes.

Question 9

What does lactobacillus do to a m/o?

Answer 9

the low pH kills the m/o.

Question 10

Fungi can catabolize keratin, so where would you expect fungi to grow on the body?

Answer 10

between the fingers, toes and on nails. (Keratin is dry, so it would grow where there is warmth and moisture.)

Question 11

Which are the most susceptible to peroxidases? Streptococcus or Staphylococcus?

Answer 11

Streptococcus because it does not have Catalase.

Question 12

What are toll-like receptors?

Answer 12

Toll-like receptors are molecules associated with microbes that our cells can detect.

Question 13

NOD toll-like receptors are on the ________.

Answer 13

within cells

Question 14

What do toll-like receptors detect in microbes?

Answer 14

Peptidoglycan, LPS, flagellin, bacterial nucleotide sequences (branding)

Question 15

In toll-like receptors, the host cells makes a _______ to alert the immune system.

Answer 15

protein molecule

Question 16

Phagocytic cells of non-specific immunity include _______.

Answer 16

Neutrophils
Monocytes
(in the tissue they are called macrophages)

Question 17

Cells involved in Inflammation in non-specific immunity include: _______.

Answer 17

Basophils
Eosinophils
dendritic cells

Question 18

Basophils function is to ______.

Answer 18

Basophils release histamines, which cause inflammation.

Question 19

Eosinophils function is to _________.

Answer 19

Eosinophils release anti-histimine to put the brakes on inflammation. They increase during an allergic reaction.

Question 20

The function of dendritic cells during inflammation is to _____.

Answer 20

Dendritic cells are “mild macrophages”. They are Antigen-presenting cells that stimulate specific immunity. Break microbe into chunks. Located in the tissue.

Question 21

______ are first responders to the site of an infection.

Answer 21

Neutrophils

Question 22

During an infection, neutrophils do what?

Answer 22

phagocytize, then die. Make pus and numbers increase.

Question 23

A patient with an increase of neutrophils means what?

Answer 23

Increased neutrophil count means the patient has a bacterial infection.

Question 24

Monocytes are good phagocytes, but they are not a good _____________.

Answer 24

indicator of infection.

Question 25

Two kinds of cells involved in Inflammation are:

Answer 25

Basophils

Eosinophils

Question 26

Basophils function during inflammation?

Answer 26

release histamines, which cause inflammation

Question 27

Eosinophils function to do what during inflammation?

Answer 27

Eosinophils release anti-histamine, putting the brakes on inflammation.

Question 28

What are cytokines?

Answer 28

Cytokines are chemicals secreted by damaged cells that cause the movement of immune cells to the site of injury. They are nicknamed “cells that cry for help”. They also communicate with other cells and regulate cell function.

Question 29

Tumor necrosis factor

Answer 29

kills a tumor cell

Question 30

Interleukins

Answer 30

secreted by leukocytes or WBC and

Question 31

colony stimulating factors

Answer 31

stimulate WBC production and differentiation.

Question 32

Interferons

Answer 32

Interferons are imp in control of viral infections
only cytokines involved in non-specific immunity

They are small proteins secreted by virally infected cell that warn healthy cells so they can transcribe and translate anti-viral proteins, so they are ready.

Question 33

Interferon is prescribed for people with what type of Hepatitis?

Answer 33

Hepatitis C, to keep them from spreading it to other people.

Question 34

Can interferons protect the virally-infected cell?

Answer 34

No, interferons can only warn Healthy cells.

Question 35

What is complement?

Answer 35

proteins made in the liver; found in blood plasma in an inactive form to protect us.

activated by Cascade Reaction

Question 36

Name the three pathways of activation of complement.

Answer 36

classical
lectin
alternative

Question 37

Which complement is responsible for opsonization?

Answer 37

C3b

Question 38

C3a and C5a do what?

Answer 38

enhance inflammation

Question 39

What does C3a do?

Answer 39

makes the blood vessels permeable so phagocytes can go out to the infection

Question 40

What does C5a do?

Answer 40

attracts phagocytes

Question 41

For non-specific immunity, what does Opsonization do?

Answer 41

coats the m/o to enhance phagocytosis

Question 42

Outcomes of complement activation?

Answer 42

BVs become permeable so WBC can leave and phagocytize

enhanced inflammation

Macrophages are attracted to the site of infxn

Membrane attack complexes insert into lipid membr of m/o, create pores and the cell dies by lysis.

Question 43

Which bacteria is more sensitive to membrane attack complexes?

Answer 43

Gram -

Question 44

List the steps of Phagocytosis.

Answer 44

1. Chemotaxis