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Microbiology Viruses > Ch 13 Viruses general > Flashcards

Ch 13 Viruses general Flashcards

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1
Q

Do viruses have a lot or few enzymes?

A

few enzymes

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2
Q

The envelope of an Envelope Virus is made of _________.

A

phospholipid.

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3
Q

A more complex Envelope Virus has what structures, from inside out?

A

nucleic acid core
protein coat
envelope
spikes

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4
Q

Which parts of a complex Envelope Virus are antigenic?

A

protein coat, spikes, capsomeres

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5
Q

In 1892, Ivanowsky and Beijerink discovered what?

A

Infectious agent that still went thru a filter

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6
Q

In 1902, Twort & d’Herelle discovered what?

A

a virus that destroyed bacteria. They named it “bacteriophage”.

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7
Q

Few enzymes means what?

A

Few targets for antiviral drugs

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8
Q

Viruses are ____ ______ parasites.

A

obligate intracellular

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9
Q

A virus is

A

intracellular

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10
Q

A virion is

A

outside the cell

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11
Q

Capsomeres are

A

individual proteins that make up the protein coat

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12
Q

How does our immune system identify the cell as infected?

A

by the spikes

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13
Q

What is the matrix of a virus?

A

the space between the protein coat & envelope.

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14
Q

capsid

A

the protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid core that provides protection for viral nucleic acids and for recognition sites.

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15
Q

A bacteriophage is always _______.

A

complex.

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16
Q

The most important classification for viruses is what?

A

Host

after that is DNA or RNA.

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17
Q

family ends in

A

viridae

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18
Q

genus ends in

A

virus

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19
Q

________ is how we classify viruses in medicine.

A

Route of transmission

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20
Q

Ex’s of enteric viruses

A

coxsacievirus,

poliovirus

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21
Q

Ex’s of respiratory viruses

A

adenovirus, rhinovirus

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22
Q

Ex’s of zoonotic viruses

A 
Rabies
Arbovirus
     -West Nile
     -St. Louis encephalitis
     -Yellow Fever
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23
Q

Ex’s of sexually transmitted diseases

A

Herpes Virus II (HPV-2)
Papilloma virus (HPV)
HIV

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of bacteriophages?

A
  1. lytic
  2. temperate
  3. lysogenic
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25
Q

Lytic Bacteriophage, list the steps of replication.

A
  1. attachment
  2. genome entry
  3. synthesis
  4. assembly
  5. release
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26
Q

The receptors in the host of lytic bacteriophages are found in:

A

cell wall, flagella, fimbriae

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27
Q

The main difference between a Phage and an Animal Virus is:

A

Phage - only nucleic acid is injected into the bacterial cell.

Animal virus - the entire virus enters the animal cell.

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28
Q

A temperate phage is the same as

A

lysogenic phage

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29
Q

the Lambda phage is

A

a DNA virus; it’s host cell is E. Coli

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30
Q

A lysogenic bacteriophage that experiences environmental STRESS will

A

virus exits and enters the lytic cycle, causing a productive infection.

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31
Q

In the lysogenic cycle, the virus is

A

not going to kill the host cell; this allows the virus to go on and on.

32
Q

Integrase is involved in the _____ cycle and allows what to happen?

A

lysogenic cycle; integrase allows the virus to catalyze/recombine viral and host DNA so they come together.

33
Q

Viral DNA is called a _______.

A

prophage

34
Q

Lysogenic immunity

A

lysogeny gives bacteria that carries the prophage immunity so it cannot be infected with that particular virus.

35
Q

Specialized transduction

A

prophage excises itself with an adjacent piece of bacterial DNA. The virus always has some bacteria from the host on it. Daughter cells will have it, leading to a new strain.

36
Q

Lysogenic conversion

A

daughters could carry a toxin.

prophage takes host bacterial DNA with it.

37
Q

Ex’s of specialized transduction

A

Vibrio cholerae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Clostridium botulinum
Escherichia coli 0157:h7 - hemolytic uremic syndrome, shigella toxin
Streptococcus pyogenes - causes Scarlet fever
Salmonella enterica - food poisoning

38
Q

generalized transduction

A

random; any piece of DNA could be picked up, not adjacent

39
Q

Bacterial defenses include:

A
  1. DNA methylation (branding)

2. Restriction Enzymes (scissors cut DNA)

40
Q

A researcher could count plaque forming units, or PFUs, to find

A

the viral titer

41
Q

Lytic cycle steps in Animals:

A
  1. Attachment - virus binds to receptor
  2. Entire virus coat enters
    envelope virus - membrane fusion
    non-envelope virus - endocytosis
  3. Uncoating - removal of protein coat
  4. Synthesis of DNA virus
    DNA - nucleus, proofreading ability
    RNA - cytoplasm, virus carries own RNA polymerase aka:
    Replicase
    Retrovirus - reverse transcriptase, no proofreading –> mutations
  5. Assembly
    budding for envelope viruses
    Apoptosis for Naked Viruses
42
Q

Structure of Naked Viruses

A 
genetic material (DNA or RNA)
protein coat
43
Q

ex’s of enteric viruses

A

coxsacievirus

poliovirus

44
Q

ex’s of respiratory viruses?

A

adenovirus

rhinovirus

45
Q

ex’s of zoonotic viruses?

A

West Nile virus
Rabies
St. Louis encephalitis
Yellow Fever virus

46
Q

Viral proteases are

A

enzymes that cut viral structures to assemble the virus properly.

also good targets for antiviral drugs

47
Q

In an animal virus, release happens in what two ways?

A

budding (envelope)

apoptosis (naked)

48
Q

char’s of an Acute viral infection

A

short duration, productive (viral particles)
give long lasting immunity
budding may produce longer symptoms
can detect viral particles

49
Q

char’s of chronic/persistent infection

A

long duration
detect viral particles over time
Hep B, Hep C, HIV

50
Q

Persistent/Latent viral infections

A

viral particles are NOT detected unless the infection becomes active.
DNA viruses
may/may not have symptoms, ie: Herpes virus

51
Q

viruses that cause cancer

A

15% of all human cancers

insert selves into our DNA and turn on oncogenes

52
Q

ex’s of virally induced cancers

A 
Burkett's Lymphoma
Hodgkins dz
Kaposis sarcoma
Cervical cancer
Leukemia HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 
Liver cancer: HBV, HCV
53
Q

All ______ viruses are latent.

A

herpes simplex

54
Q

HSV-1

A

cold sores

trigeminal nerve ganglia; cranial nerve 5

55
Q

HSV-2

A

genital herpes

1/4 over age 30

inguinal nerves

56
Q

Which drug is used to treat genital herpes?

A

Acyclovir, a nucleotide analog

57
Q

HSV-3

A

chicken pox (early)

Varicella zoster (later) - “Shingles”

58
Q

HSV-4

A

Epstein-Barr virus

infects the lymphatic system; assoc w/chronic fatigue syndrome

59
Q

HSV-5

A

Cytomegalovirus

very common 80%

linked to low immunity
causes: encephalitis, eye infxn, birth defects

60
Q

HSV-8

A

Kaposis sarcoma

cancer of blood vessels

seen in older men of Mediterranean descent

61
Q

Which herpes virus causes Shingles?

A

HSV-3

62
Q

Which herpes virus causes Epstein-Barr virus?

A

HSV-4

63
Q

Which herpes virus causes chicken pox?

A

HSV-3

64
Q

Which herpes virus causes genital warts?

A

HSV-2

65
Q

Which herpes virus causes cold sores?

A

HSV-1

66
Q

What is the acute form of Hepatitis?

A

Hep A

67
Q

Which hepatitis can cause a chronic form of hepatitis?

A

Chronic Hep C, B

68
Q

Which strains of HPV are associated with cancer?

A

16, 18

69
Q

HPV infects the _____________.

A

mucus membranes

70
Q

The function(s) of the viral capsid is?

A

protects nucleic acid
involved in recognition of host cell receptors
antigenic

71
Q

A naked virus has ____________.

A

no phospholipds or envelope.

72
Q

The protein subunits that make up a coat of a virus are ______.

A

capsomeres

73
Q

A lytic phage does which of the following?

A

inserts its nucleic acid into bacteriophage
degrades host DNA early in infection
can bring pieces of chromosomal DNA from previous host into a new
host

74
Q

A lytic cycle takes how long? This is called the _______.

A

30 min. / burst time

75
Q

Which are true of a prophage?

A

it is replicated as the cell replicates
can be excised by viral enzymes
integrates into host chromosome at a specific site

76
Q

Which can occur during lysogenic infection?

A

lysogenic conversion
lysogenic immunity
specialized transduction

Microbiology Viruses (3 decks)

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