ch 14

Question 1

1. what is a carboxylic acid?
2. how do we name carboxylic acids? Do we need to indicate on which carbon is the carboxylic acid?
3. Give the first 4 common names for carboxylic acids.
4. Red ant stings are what kind of acid?
5. Vinegar is what kind of acid?

Answer 1

1. It is a weak acid C=O-OH (its a carbonyl group with OH- instead of just H)
2. Remove the e from the alkane’s name, and replace with “oic acid”. Only number when a substituent is present. Give carboxyl group lowest numbered carbon poss.
3. Formic or methanoic acid, acetic or ethanoic acid, propionic or propanoic acid, butyric or butanoic acid
4. Formic acid
5. acetic acid

Question 2

1. Are carboxylic acids polar? Why?
2. Carboxylic acids are soluble in water with up to how many carbons?
3. When carboxylic acids ionize in water, what are the products?
4. How do carboxylic acids get neutralized, and what is the product?
5. Carboxylic acid salts have a ………. melting point, are ……… in water, are ……… at room temp, and used as ………….. and …………… in foods.

Answer 2

1. Carboxylic acids are strongly polar because they have two polar groups:
hydroxyl group (—OH)
carbonyl group (C=O)

2. up to 4 c’s. More C’s makes less and less soluble.
3. carboxylATE ions and H3O+ EX: ethanoic acid + H2O = ethanoate ion and H3O+
4. with strong bases like NaOH or KOH. The products are carboxylic salts and H2O.Ex: methanoic acid + NaOH = Sodium methanoate and H2O
5. high, soluble, solid, preservatives and flavorings

Question 3

1. What is an ester?
2. What is esterification, and what happens?
3. What smells do esters give us? Can they also be tasted?
4. How do we name esters?

Answer 3

1. an ester is the result of combining carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
2. esterification is the process that creates esters. It is when carboxylic acid and alcohol react in the presence of heat and acid . The OH- from carboxylic acid hooks up with the H from alcohol to form water, and the ester.
3. bananas, oranges, and strawberries. Small esters are soluble and can be tasted.
4. have 2 words. The first word is the alkyl name from the alcohol side. The second word is the carboxylate name of the carboxylic acid. Ex: methyl ethanoate

Question 4

1. What are amines?
2. How do we classify amines?
3. How do we name amines?
4. what is the amine of a benzene named?
5. Sometimes there are substituents on the Nitrogen hooked to a benzene ring. How are these named so we understand they’re hooked to the N and not to the ring itself?
6. Are amines soluble in water?
7. Are amine converted into amino salts and used as drugs? Which street drug is extracted from ammonium salts?
8. What happens when we treat ammonium salts with a strong base?

Answer 4

1. are derivatives of ammonia, NH3, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with alkyl or aromatic groups
   contain N attached to one or more alkyl or aromatic groups
2. primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on how many carbons are attached to the nitrogen
3. are named as alkylamines. list the names of the alkyl groups bonded to the N atom in alphabetical order in front of amine use prefixes to identify duplicate alkyl substituents
4. aniline
5. Alkyl groups on the N use the prefix N- with the alkyl name followed by aniline. Ex: N-methylaniline
6. Yes, up to 6 carbons long
7. yes, cocaine
8. it gets converted back to its free amine state (freebase)

Question 5

1. What is an amide?

2. How do we name amides?

Answer 5

1. Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which a nitrogen group (—NH2) replaces the hydroxyl (—OH) group of carboxylic acids
2. dropping the oic acid (IUPAC) or ic acid (common) from the carboxylic acid name and adding the suffix amide.
   Alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen of an amide are named with the prefix N-, followed by the alkyl name.
   Ex: N-methylethanamide