ch 12 Flashcards
1
Q
- an alcohol contains a …………..
- a phenol contain a ………….
- a thiol contains an ………..
- an ether contains a …………
A
- hydroxyl group (—OH)
- hydroxyl group
(—OH) bonded to a benzene ring - —SH group
- C—O—C group
2
Q
- how do we name alcohols as far as the name’s ending, and how we number the chain ect?
A
- by replacing the ending of the chain name with an “ol”. Number the chain starting at the end nearer to the —OH group. We also must indicate which carbon the -OH is positioned at in chains of 3 or more carbons.
3
Q
- Thiols contain what?
- How do we indicate a thiol?
- How do thiols smell?
- Name a use for thiols.
- How do we name and number thiols?
A
- contain sulfur
- contain a thiol (—SH) group
- often have strong odors
are found in cheese, onions, garlic, and oysters - are used to detect gas leaks
- number so that -SH is located at lowest possible carbon. Named by adding thiol to the alkane name of the longest carbon chain ex: butanethiol
4
Q
- How do we indicate an ether?
2. How do we name an ether?
A
- with an —O— between two carbon groups that are either alkyls or aromatic rings.
- by putting the word ether after the alkyl groups ex: dimethyl ether. Remember to list alkyl groups in alphabetical order ex methyl propyl ether
5
Q
- What classifies an alcohol by primary, secondary, or tertiary?
- Are alcohols soluble in water?
- Are phenols soluble in water?
A
- by the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl
Ex: CH3-C-OH would be primary. Remeber, it’s the number of groups attached to the C attached to the OH, not the OH itself - alcohols that have one to three carbons are soluble in water; the solubility of alcohols in water decreases with increasing number of carbons
1-3 soluble, 4 slightly soluble, 5 insoluble - phenols (-OH attached to benzene ring) are slightly soluble. Can react with water to produce phenoxide ions
6
Q
- Both Aldehydes and Ketones contain a ………… group.
- What is a carbonyl group?
- Are carbonyl groups polar?
- an ……….. is attached to a carbon atom and at least one H atom, thus the carbonyl (CHO group) is at the end of the molecule.
- a …….. is attached to two alkyl groups. The the carbonyl (CHO) is in the middle of the molecule.
A
- Carbonyl
- consists of a carbon–oxygen polar double bond with two groups of atoms attached to the carbon
- yes, has a strong dipole with a partial positive charge on C and a partial negative charge on O
- aldehyde
- ketone
7
Q
- How do we name aldehydes?
- Give the common names for the first four aldehydes:
- How do we name ketones?
- Do we need to indicate which carbon number an aldehyde is located?
- Do we need to indicate which carbon number a ketone is located?
- Are aldehydes and ketones soluble in water?
A
- the e in the alkane name is changed to al
- one carbon: formaldehyde
two carbons: acetaldehyde
three carbons: propionaldehyde
four carbons: butyraldehyde - the e in the alkane name is replaced with “one” ex: propanone.
- no because we know it is on the end of the molecule.
- yes in chains of 5 or more carbons. Always give priority to the ketone group by giving lowest possible number.
- yes when they have a 4 or fewer carbon tail. 5 carbons slightly soluble, >5 not soluble.
8
Q
- When alcohols undergo dehydration (using heat and an acid catalyst), what is the result?
- Ethanol is metabolized by a social drinker at a rate of ……………….., and is metabolized by an alcoholic at a rate of ………………… .
- In 1 h, state the number of 12oz beers or 5 oz wines for various blood alcohol levels.
A
- it goes back to being an alkene and water. The H+ bonds with the -OH, making H2O, and the two adjacent hydrocarbons create a double bond between themselves.
- 12–15 mg/dL per hour, 30 mg/dL per hour
3. 1 drink = .025 2 drinks = .050 4 drinks = .10 (legal intoxication) 16-20 drinks .4-.5 coma/death