ch 11

Question 1

1. An organic compound contains ……… and ……….
2. It may also contain other non-metals like …………, …………, ………….., ………….., or a ………….
3. How are organic compounds written (with which 2 elements first)?

Answer 1

1. carbon and hydrogen
2. oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or posphorus or a halogen
3. carbon then oxygen then whatever else.

Question 2

1. Organic molecules have what type of bonds? Inorganics?
2. Organic molecules are made of carbon, hydrogen ect. What are inorganics composed of?
3. which type of molecules have low melting and boiling points?
4. Which type of compound burns in air (very flammable)?
5. Which compounds are soluble? Which are not?

Answer 2

1. mostly non-polar covalent whereas inorganics are mostly ionic bonds and polar covalent.
2. metals and non-metals.
3. organic=low. Ionic=high.
4. organic
5. organic=not soluble. inorganic=soluble.

Question 3

1. What is an alkane?
2. What do single bonds allow for?
3. What is a cycloalkane?
4. How do they differ in numbers of hydrogens?

Answer 3

1. a hydrocarbon in which carbons are connected by single bonds from carbon to carbon, and with hydrogens.
2. movement and rotation which can create different conformations.
3. hydrocarbons in a ring-shape.
4. have 2 fewer hydrogens than open chain alkanes. Ie: propane is C3H8, but cyclopropane is C3H6.

Question 4

1. What are the 10 prefixes for naming hydrocarbons?

Answer 4

1 = meth (CH4 methane)
2 = Eth (C2H6 ethane)
3 = Prop (C3H8 propane)
4 = But (C4H10 butane)
5 = Pent (C5H12 pentane)
6 = Hex (C6H14 hexane)
7 = Hept (C7H16 heptane)
8 = Oct (C8H18 octane)
9 = Non (C9H20 nonane)
10 = Dec (C10H22 decane)

Question 5

1. What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
2. What is the expanded model for?
3. What is condensed structural formula?
4. what is the molecular formula?
5. What is skeletal formula?

Answer 5

1. contains only single bonds (all of the possible bonds that a carbon can make are made).
2. it is a way of showing a hydrocarbon with each bond. Kinda inconvenient because its a lot of writing.
3. a way of writing a formula that shows the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon and their locations. ie: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 (butane).
4. Molecular formula is how we write all formulas. It tells how many atoms of each element, but not their locations of attachment.
5. it shows the carbon skeleton as a zigzag line with carbons at the end of ea line or corner.

Question 6

1. What is a substituent?
2. How do we write/name substituents?
3. What is a structural isomer?

Answer 6

1. a side group or branch that attaches to carbons in alkanes of 4 or more carbons.
2. first write the location of substituent by the lowest number (remember you can start from either end of chain) and if multiple substituents, list in alphabetical order. If more than one of same substituent, use prefix like di, tri, tetra ect.
3. when two compounds have the same molecular formula, but different arrangements

Question 7

1. What is an alkyl group?
2. Can Alkyl groups exist on their own, not as substituents?
3. What is a halogen substituent and how do we name it?
4. How do we name cycloalkanes with substituents?
5. When naming cycloalkanes with substituents, do we need to indicate where the substituent is attached?

Answer 7

1. groups of carbon atoms (alkanes missing one H) attached to carbon backbones as a substituent. Ex CH3- methyl group
2. No. They are missing an H. So CH3 (methyl) can only be a substiuent or it would exist on its own as CH4 (methane)
3. It’s a subsituent off a carbon backbone made of a halogen. They end in “O” EX: fluoro, chloro, bromo ect.
4. When one substituent is attached to a cycloalkane, name the substituent before the cycloalkane. Ex: methylcyclopentane.
5. No, as long as its a single alkyl group or halogen atom.
6. CH3 Methyl, CH3-CH2 ethyl, CH3-CH2-CH2- propyl, CH3-CH-CH3 isopropyl

Question 8

Give the names of the following substituents: Methyl, Ethyl, propyl, isopropyl.

Answer 8

1. CH3 Methyl
2. CH3-CH2 ethyl
3. CH3-CH2-CH2- propyl
4. CH3-CH-CH3 isopropyl

Question 9

1. what is a haloalkane?

2. what is ethene aka ethylene known for?

Answer 9

1. they are alkanes with a halogen atoms that replace an H. For ex: CH3-Cl. The technical name would be chloromethane, but the common name would be methyl chloride
2. plant hormone that causes ripening.

Question 10

1. What is the physical state of the first 4 alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, and butane) at room temp, and what are they used for?
2. What is the physical state at room temp of alkanes 5-8 carbons long?
3. What is the physical state and use at room temp of alkanes 9-17 carbons long?
4. 18 or more carbons?
5. more than 25?

Answer 10

1. gasses used for heating fuels.
2. liquid. used for gasoline. volatile
3. liquid, but much heavier like motor oil, and jet fuel. Have higher boiling temps.
4. waxy solids. parafins.
5. petroleum jelly. semisolid. used as ointments ect.

Question 11

1. In what are alkanes soluble? Water?
2. are they less dense or more dense than water?
3. How reactive are alkanes compared to other organic molecules? Do they burn readily? Are they good for combustion reactions?

Answer 11

1. Insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents such as other alkanes.
2. less dense than water.
3. least reactive of the organics, but burn readily in air making great fuels for combustion.

Question 12

1. What is an alkene?
2. what is an alkyne?
3. are alkenes and alkynes saturated or unsaturated?
4. What happens to alkenes and alkynes when they react with hydrogen?
5. When naming a alkene/yne, from which end of the chain do we begin? Must we indicate where the double or triple bond is located? How?

Answer 12

1. a hydrocarbon containing double bonds
2. a hydrocarbon with triple bonds
3. unsaturated
4. they become alkanes
5. from the end closest to the double or triple bond. Location of bond is stated by giving the number of the carbon in the chain where the bond is located. ex 2-pentene

Question 13

1. what is a cycloalkene?.
2. Must we indicate where the double bond is?
3. How do we indicate where the double bond is if theres a substituent? Why?

Answer 13

1. have a double bond within a ring structure
2. no need to say where the double bond is, UNLESS theres a substituent.
3. double bond will be located between carbon 1 and 2. Since bond location always comes first in naming, it will be understood that there is a double bond when the substituent gets a numbered position.

Question 14

1. How do we get cis- and trans-isomers?
2. in a …… isomer, the alkyl groups are on the same side. In a …….. isomer, the groups and H atoms are attached on opposite sides.
3. how do we name cis and trans isomers?

Answer 14

1. When we have “enes” and “ynes”, double and triple bonds, we lose the ability for the compound to rotate, and holds attached groups in fixed positions.
2. cis, trans
3. the prefix, cis and trans are placed in front of the alkene name. They are the very first thing. Ex: cis-1,2-dibromoethene

Question 15

1. What are the 2 types of addition reactions?
2. Name the reactants, catalysts, and products of a hydrogenation reaction
3. Name the reactants, catalysts, and products of a hydration reaction.

Answer 15

1. hydrogenation and hydration
2. Hydrogenation: Alkene + H2, catalyst is Pt, Ni, or Pd. Product is an alkane
3. Hydration: Alkene + H2O. Catalyst is H+ a strong acid. Product: Alcohol

Question 16

1. What happens in hydrogenation as far as the Hydrogens and double/triple bonds?
2. What is the result of hydrogenation, as far as melting point and physical state?

Answer 16

1. H2 breaks the double or triple bonds, adding an H to the carbon on either side of the bond
2. product is an alkane with higher melting point. Solid at room temp. Ex is going from vegetable oil to margarine.

Question 17

1. What happens in hydration as far as the hydrogen atoms and the double triple bonds?

Answer 17

1. The alkene reacts with water, H-OH, to form alcohol. One of the H from water forms a bond with the carbon (with more hydrogen atoms) of the double bond. The OH forms a bond with the other carbon of the double bond (that has fewer hydrogen atoms).

Question 18

1. What is an aromatic compound? What is its name and molecular formula?
2. How are the electrons shared between the carbons in a benzene?
3. How do we draw the skeletal formula of a benzene?
4. How do we name aromatic compounds containing a benzene ring and single substituent? Is the ring numbered ?

Answer 18

1. a six-carbon ring with alternating double bonds. It is called a benzene. Molecular formula is C6H6
2. shared equally
3. it has a circle, representing the alternating double bonds inside of the carbon backbone ring.
4. If only 1 substituent, the ring is not numbered. It is named as a benzene derivative. Ex: aniline

Question 19

1. What are the 3 benzene derivative names that you must know?
2. How do we name benzenes that have 2 or more substituents?

Answer 19

1. CH3-toluene (methylbenzene)
   NH2-aniline (aminobenzene)
   OH-phenol (hydroxybenzene)
2. the ring is numbered to give the lowest number to the substituents. The carbon atom attached to the methyl, hydroxyl, or amine group is numbered as carbon 1. The other substituents are named alphabetically (not counting prefix)