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bio exam 3 > CH 13 > Flashcards

CH 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carl Correns

A

(1900)

first suggests central role for chromosomes

authored one of the scientific papers announcing rediscovery of Mendel’s worl

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2
Q

Walter Sutton

A

(1902)
Chromosomal theory of inheritance

based on observations that similar chromosomes paired with one another during meiosis

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3
Q

T.H. Morgan

A

(1910)
-Working with fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster
-discovered a mutant male fly with white eyes instead of red
-crossed the mutant male to a normal red-eyed female
-all F1 progeny red eyed= dominant trait

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4
Q

When morgan crossed F1 females with F1 males, what happened in the F2 generation?

A

Contained red and white eyed flies, but all white eyed flies were male

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5
Q

Testcross of a F1 female with a white-eyed male showed what?

A

The viability of white eyed females

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6
Q

What did morgan conclude?

A

eye color gene resides on the female X chromosome

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7
Q

sex linked

A

traits determined by sex chromosome

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8
Q

sex chromosomes

A

a pair of dissimilar chromosomes that still pair during meiosis and mitosis

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9
Q

What is sex determination in Drosophila based on?

A

The number of X chromosomes

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10
Q

XX (Humans)

A

female

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11
Q

XY (humans)

A

male

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12
Q

ZW (birds)

A

female

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13
Q

ZZ (birds)

A

male

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14
Q

XX (grasshoppers)

A

female

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15
Q

XO (grasshoppers)

A

male

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16
Q

diploid (honeybees)

A

female

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17
Q

haploid (honeybees)

A

male

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18
Q

Humans have a total of __ chromosomes

___ are automosomes
___ pair of sex chromosomes

A

46; 22; 1

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19
Q

__ chromosomes is highly condensed

A

Y

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20
Q

recessive alleles on male’s X have no active _____ on Y

A

counterpart

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21
Q

“default” for humans is ____

A

female

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22
Q

In organisms with XY determination, are a lot of genes from the Y chromosome expressed?

A

No, few are

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23
Q

Why can a single recessive sex linked gene produce recessive phenotype?

A

Recessive alleles on X chromosome have no active partner on Y

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24
Q

certain genetic diseases affect males to a ____ degree than females

A

greater

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25
Q

X linked recessive alleles:

A

red green color blindless
hemophilia

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26
Q

dosage compensation

A

ensures equal expression of genes from sex chromosomes even through number of chromosomes is different between sexes

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27
Q

In mammalian female cells, 1 X chromosome is randomly inactivated and is highly condensed into a _____ _____

A

barr body

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28
Q

females heterozygous for genes on the X chromosome are ____ ______

A

genetic mosaics

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29
Q

(Chromosome theory exceptions)
Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain _____

A

genes

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30
Q

(Chromosome theory exceptions)
Traits controlled by these genes do not follow the ____

A

Chromosomal theory of inheritance

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31
Q

(Chromosome theory exceptions)
Genes from mitochondria and chloroplasts are often passed to the offspring by only one parent, often the _____, called _____ inheritance

A

mother; maternal

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32
Q

(Chromosome theory exceptions)
In plants, chloroplasts are also often inherited from the mother, although this is species _____

A

dependent

33
Q

(Genetic Mapping)
Early geneticists realized that they could obtain information about the ______ between genes on a chromosome

A

distance

34
Q

(Genetic Mapping)
Distance estimates based on ….

A

patterns of genetic recombination (crossing over) between genes

35
Q

(Genetic Mapping)
If crossover occurs, parental alleles are…

A

recombined, producing recombinant gametes

36
Q

The Creighton and McClintock experiment Hypothesis

A

Crossing over involves a physical exchange of genetic material

37
Q

The Creighton and McClintock experiment Prediction

A

Recombination of visible differences in a chromosome should correlate with genetic recombination of alleles

38
Q

The Creighton and McClintock Experiment Test

-

-

A

yellow extension; green knob, kernel color, kernel texture

39
Q

The Creighton and McClintock experiment Results

A

Genetically recombinant progeny also have physically recombinant chromosomes

40
Q

The Creighton and McClintock experiment conclusion

A

A physical exchange of genetic material accompanied genetic recombination

41
Q

What did Alfred Sturtevant do?

A

Undergraduate in TH Morgan’s lab and put morgan’s observation that recombinant progeny reflected relevant location of genes in quantitative terms

42
Q

(Alfred Sturtevant)
As physical distance on a chromosome increases…

A

so does the probability of recombination (crossover) occurring between the gene loci

43
Q

recombination frequency

A

recombinant progeny/ total progeny

44
Q

If homologues undergo two crossovers between loci…

A

then the parental combination is restored

45
Q

Multiple crossovers lead to an ____ of the true genetic distance

A

underestimate

46
Q

Odd numbers of crossover events produce…

A

recombinant gametes

47
Q

No crossover or even numbers of crossovers produce…

A

parental gametes

48
Q

Is the relationship between true distance on a chromosome and the recombination frequency linear?

A

No

49
Q

Crossing over

A

genetic recombination between non sister chromatids

50
Q

crossing over allows the homologues to exchange….

A

Chromosomal material

51
Q

in crossing over, alleles of genes that were formerly on separate homologues can now…

A

be found on the same homologue

52
Q

chiasmata

A

site of crossing over

53
Q

(three point testcross)
uses ___ loci instead of 2 to construct maps

A

3

54
Q

(three point testcross)
middle gene allows …

A

tracking of recombination events on either side

55
Q

(three point testcross)
in any three point cross, the class offspring with two crossovers is…

A

the least frequent class

56
Q

(three point testcross)
in practice, geneticists use three point crosses to determine …

A

the order of genes, then use data from the closes two point crosses to determine distances

57
Q

some genetic disorders affect males more than females, that is ____ ____

A

sex linked

58
Q

Hemophilia

A

a disease that affects a single protein in a cascade involved in formation of blood clots

59
Q

For of hemophilia is caused by an …

heterozygous females are ____ ____

A

X linked recessive allele; asymptomatic carriers

60
Q

Human genetic disorder causes

A

A single amino acid change in a single protein can result in clinical syndrome

61
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

first human disease shown to be the result of a mutation in a protein

62
Q

what is sickle cell anemia caused by?

A

a defect in the oxygen carrier molecule, hemoglobin

leads to impaired oxygen delivery to tissues

63
Q

Homozygotes for sickle cell allele exhibit ….

A

intermittent illness and reduced life span

64
Q

Heterozygotes in sickle cell anemia appear….

A

normal, do have hemoglobin with reduced ability

65
Q

Why is sickle cell allele is particularly prevalent in people of African descent

A

Proportion of heterozygotes higher than expected

confers resistance to blood borne parasite that causes malaria, explains higher proportion of allele

66
Q

Nondisjunction

A

the failure of homologues or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis

67
Q

aneuploidy

A

gain or loss of a chromosome, the result of nondisjunction

68
Q

monosomy

A

loss

69
Q

trisomy

A

gain

70
Q

Which autosomes are severe defects and can die within a few months?

A

13, 15,18

71
Q

Which autosomes can survive to adulthood?

A

21 and 22

72
Q

Down syndrome

A

trisomy 21

73
Q

Do nondisjunction of sex chromosomes generally experience severe developmental abnormalities?

A

No

74
Q

In nondisjunction of sex chromosomes, individuals have somewhat ______ _______ but often reach maturity and in some cases, may be fertile

A

abnormal features

75
Q

XXX

A

triple X females

76
Q

XXY

A

males (Klinefelter syndrome)

77
Q

XO

A

females (Turner syndrome)

78
Q

OY

A

nonviable zygotes

79
Q

XYY

A

males (Jacob syndrome)

bio exam 3 (6 decks)

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