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Science S2 > Ch 12 - Interactions Within Ecosystems > Flashcards

Ch 12 - Interactions Within Ecosystems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a habitat?

A

A place where an organism lives

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2
Q

What are the 2 classifications of environmental conditions?

A
  • abiotic (non-living)
  • biotic (living)
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2
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

physical environment:
* mineral salts and salinity
* pH
* water
* air
* light
* temperature

mp walt … disney is now a member of parliament guys

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3
Q

What are two types of adaptive traits/adaptations?

A
  • physical
  • behavioral
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4
Q

What is an organism?

A

a living thing

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4
Q

What is a population?

A

It is made up of organisms of the same species living in the same environment.

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5
Q

What is a community?

A

It is made up of different populations (of plants and animals) living together in the same environment.

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6
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

It is made up of interactions between communities and the abiotic factors in the environment.

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7
Q

What are the levels in an ecosystem?

A
  • organism
  • population
  • community
  • ecosystem
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7
Q

What is the biotic environment?

A

It refers to all organisms in a habitat.

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8
Q

What are 3 examples of interrelationships?

A
  1. Predator-prey relationship
  2. Mutualism
  3. Parasitism
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9
Q

What is a predator-prey relationship?

A
  • predator: animal that lives by killing & eating other animals
  • prey: animal that is killed and eaten by another animal
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10
Q

What are examples of predator-prey relationships?

A
  • ladybird (predator), aphid (prey)
  • leopard (predator), deer (prey)
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10
Q

What is mutualism?

A

It is a relationship between 2 organisms in which both organisms benefit from eachother.

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11
Q

What are examples of mutualism?

A
  • oxpeckers eat ticks & parasites on skin, rhino and zebra get pest control
  • clownfish eat dead tentacles - clean, poisonous tentacles protect clownfish
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11
Q

What is parasitism?

A

It is a relationship between two organisms in which the parasite benefits at the expense of the host, without killing it.

12
Q

What are examples of parasitism?

A
  • tapeworms in animal’s intestines - deprives host from nutrients
  • rafflesia obtains its nutrients from vines & emits horrible smell
13
Q

How do you achieve a stable ecosystem?

A

If the physical factors and interrelationships in an ecosystem can be maintained.

14
Q

What happens if there is a drastic change in the interrelationships or physical environment?

A

It would disrupt the stability of the ecosystem.

15
Q

What does a food chain show?

A

It shows the feeding relationships between organisms.

15
Q

What is each stage in a food chain known as?

A

a trophic level

16
Q

What is the first trophic level called?

A

producer

16
Q

What is the second trophic level called?

A

primary consumer

17
Q

What is the third trophic level called?

A

secondary consumer

18
Q

What is the fourth trophic level called?

A

tertiary consumer

19
Q

What is a food web?

A

It is made of inter-linked food chains.

19
Q

During feeding, what is transferred from one organism to another?

A

energy and nutrients

20
Q

How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?

A

10%

21
Q

What are 3 ways energy can be lost at each trophic level?

A
  • as excretory products
  • as heat during respiration
  • as uneaten parts of the organism
21
Q

How much energy is lost from one trophic level to the next?

A

90%

22
Q

Why do food chains seldom have more than five trophic levels?

A

There is insufficient enrgy among the animals at the end of a long food chain to be transferred to another animal for survival.

23
Q

What do decomposers feed on?

A

the remains of dead organisms and faeces

24
Q

The flow of energy in a food chain / food web is…

A

non-cyclical (energy flows in one direction)

25
Q

The flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is…

A

cyclical (continuously recycled)

26
Q

What are 3 ways the balance of an ecosystem can be upset?

A
  • introduction of new animals and plants into the habitat
  • disease outbreaks, which can kill one kind of animal/plant
  • human activities (deforestation, hunting, over-fishing)

Science S2 (8 decks)

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