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Biology 100 > Ch 12 DNA Technlogy > Flashcards

Ch 12 DNA Technlogy Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA replication

A

when a cell reproduces, a complete copy of the DNA must pass from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Watson and Cricks model for DNA

A

suggested that DNA replicates by a template mechanism

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3
Q

DNA provides instructions to

A
  • a cell and

- an organism as a whole

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4
Q

DNA specifies the synthesis of proteins in two stages

A
  1. transcription: the transfer of genetic information from DNA to an RNA molecule
  2. translation: the transfer of RNA into a protein
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5
Q

DNA technology is used for

A
  • studying and manipulating genetic material
  • modifying specific genes
  • moving genes between organisms
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6
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

is constructed when scientists combine pieces of DNA from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule

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7
Q

genetic engineering

A

the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

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8
Q

By transferring the gene for a desired protein into a bacterium or yeast

A

proteins that are naturally present in only small amounts can be produced in large quantities

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9
Q

making humulin

A

in 1982, the world first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was sold
-human insulin

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10
Q

Human Insulin

A
  • produced by genetically modified bacteria
  • used today by more than 4 million people with diabetes
  • today its produced in gigantic fermentation vats filled with a liquid culture of bacteria
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11
Q

genetically modified organisms

A

organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means

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12
Q

transgenic organism

A

contains a gene from another organism, typically another species

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13
Q

GMO food percentages

A
  • half of corn is GM

- 3/4 of soybean and cotton is GM

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14
Q

bacterial plasmids

A

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the larger bacterial chromosome

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15
Q

Plasmids

A
  • can carry virtually any gene
  • can act as vectors
  • are ideal for gene cloning
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16
Q

vectors

A

DNA carriers that move genes from one cell to another

17
Q

gene cloning

A

the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA

18
Q

Recombinant DNA is produced by combining two ingredients

A
  1. a bacterial plasmids

2. the gene of interest

19
Q

the process of restriction enzymes can be accomplished by

A

producing pieces of DNA called restriction fragments with “sticky ends” important for joining DNA from different sources

20
Q

restriction enzymes

A

cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

21
Q

steps for gene cloning

A
  1. isolate plasmid DNA from bacterium
  2. isolate target DNA in organism of interest
  3. cut both DNA’s with the same enzyme
  4. mix DNA fragments and join them together
  5. bacteria take up recombinant plasmids
  6. allow bacteria to replicate themselves and the plasmid containing the gene of interest
22
Q

DNA profiling

A
  • can be used to determine if two samples of genetic material are from a particular individual and
  • has rapidly revolutionized the field of forensics, the scientific way of analysis of evidence from crime scene
23
Q

DNA profiling can be used to

A
  • test the guilt of suspected criminals
  • identify tissue samples of victims
  • resolve paternity cases
  • identify contraband animal products
  • trace the evolutionary history of organisms
24
Q

How to test of two samples of DNA come from the same person

A
  1. DNA samples collected from scene and suspect
  2. sequences from each DNA sample are amplified
  3. amplified DNA samples are compared using a gel
25
Q

The polymerase chain reaction

A
  • is a technique to copy quickly and precisely amplify a specific segment of DNA
  • can generate enough DNA from even minute amounts of blood or other tissue to allow DNA profiling
26
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

a technique used to compare the lengths of DNA fragments

-sorts out DNA molecules primarily by size

27
Q

genomics

A

the study of complete sets of genes

28
Q

the human genome project goals

A
  • determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genome
  • identify location and sequence of every gene
29
Q

human gene therapy

A
  • a recombinant DNA procedure
  • seeks to treat disease by altering the genes of the afflicted person
  • often replaces or supplements the mutant version of a gene with a properly functioning one

Biology 100 (11 decks)

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