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APK 2100 EXAM 3 > CH. 12 > Flashcards

CH. 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Which comes first pain or movement?

A

Movement. If we waited for the pain, we would cause more damage than necessary.

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2
Q

What are the three overlapping functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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3
Q

What can the integration center be?

A

Will always be your brain or spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the integration center?

A

To take some bit of sensory information and pair it up with an appropriate motor response.

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5
Q

The effector organs of the nervous system are what?

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands.

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6
Q

What are ganglia?

A

cluster of neuronal soma–nerve cell bodies–that are outside of the CNS.

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7
Q

Where are nerves located?

A

In the PNS.

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8
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

what makes up the pns?

A

all the nerves of your body and the ganglia.

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10
Q

The nerves of the PNS are attached to what?

A

Either the brain (cranial nerves) or the spine (spinal nerves)

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11
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent) divisions.

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12
Q

What types of sensory information can come in?

A

Somatic sensory or visceral sensory

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13
Q

What are the two divisions of the Motor division of the PNS?

A

Somatic motor and Autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

What is the effector organ of somatic nervous system?

A

Skeletal muscle (voluntary)

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15
Q

What are the effector organs of the Autonomic nervous system?

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

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16
Q

What are the divisions of the Autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

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17
Q

What cells are present in nervous tissue?

A

neuroglia (glial cells–non excitable cells) and neurons (excitable cells)

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18
Q

What are special characteristics of neurons?

A
  • Conductivity (action potentials/nerve impulses)
  • can live and function for a lifetime
  • not able to divide nor replace themsevles if destroyed (few exceptions)
  • have a high metabolic rate and require constant supply of O2 and nutrients.
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19
Q

What is an axon, terminal arborization, terminal bouton (axon terminal)?

A 
Axon is a singular process off of the soma, typically longer than the dendrites. 
Terminal arborization are smaller branches at the end of the axon. 
Terminal bouton (axon terminal) is the little enlargement at the ends of the terminal arborizations and this is where neurotransmitters get released.
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20
Q

What is the myelin sheath and nodes of ranvier?

A

Myelin sheath- a series of specific glial cells wrapping around axons that help electrically insulate that axon.
Nodes of ranvier: gaps in the myelin sheath, in between the glial cells.

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21
Q

What are the length of axons?

A

Either really short or really long. remember they are not a chain of neurons synapsing on one another. a single axon that goes out of the spinal cord and synapses on that peripheral effector organ is one axon, long or short.

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22
Q

What are the structural classifications of neurons?

A

Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

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23
Q

Describe a bi polar neuron

A

Two processes extend from the soma, one is a giant dendrite and the other is an axon.

  • rare in the body
  • associated with the special senses like the retina (rods and cones), smell.
24
Q

Describe a unipolar neuron (pseudo unipolar)

A
  • Has one process
  • -Peripheral process: part of the axon that is acting like the dendrite bringing in sensory information.
  • -Central process: continuing the information into the CNS.
  • somatic sensory types of neurons.
25
Q

Why is a unipolar neuron sometimes called pseudo unipolar

A

Because in development this cell used to look like a bipolar neuron and what happened is that the processes of each of those cells started migrating down to one side of the soma and they fused together and gave us a single process off of the soma. The processes at their base fused bu the actual individual processes stayed relatively separate, so we end up with a single process and one large but split axon.

26
Q

Gives an example of a multipolar neuron

A

Somatic motor neurons (alpha motor neurons)

27
Q

What are the functional classifications of neurons?

A

Afferent (sensory), Efferent (motor), and interneurons

28
Q

What are interneurons?

A

neurons within the CNS that associate a sensory something with a motor something (association neruons)

29
Q

Do neurons always synapse on other neurons?

A

No. they can synapse on their effector organs (muscles or glands)

30
Q

What are the types of synapses?

A

axoaxonic (not common)
Axosomatic
Acodendritic (most prevalent)

31
Q

Why are mitochondira present in the terminal boutons?

A

because they need to form ATP in order to perform exocytosis to secrete the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

32
Q

What is inside the axons and dendrites?

A

cytoskeletal elements, cytoplasm, organelles (mitochondria in termina bouton)

33
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

look like neurons because they have processes but they are non excitable, smaller, more numerous (10:1), can divide throughout life.

34
Q

What do neuroglia cover?

A

All non synaptic surfaces on neurons either on the PNS or CNS

35
Q

What are the four types of CNS neuroglia?

A

Astrocytes, Ependymal cell, microglial cells, oligodencrocytes

36
Q

What are astrocytes? and their function?

A

-MOST ABUNDANT (look like a start)
CNS neuroglia, contain end foot processes (flattened enlargements at the ends of the processes that wrap around processes of the neurons, neuron cell bodies (any nonsynaptic region) or capillaries).
Function: makes sure the environment for neurons is perfect for optimal function
–increase neurotransmitter uptake
–increase blood flow to very active regions of the brain
–controls the ionic environment by taking up or depositing electrolytes.

37
Q

What are microglial cells? function?

A
  • Smallest glial cells in the CNS
  • has a centralized nucleus and soma with lots of processes
  • macrophages of the CNS ———> similar to white blood cells
  • least abundant
  • Function: the cop
  • -acts as a defense cell. phagocyoses stuff that is causing a problem in that region–germs, bacteria.
38
Q

What are ependymal cells? function?

A

-do not look like neurons
-ciliated epithelial tissue but considered nervous tissue because part of the nervous system.
Function: line the hollow ventricles inside the brain and spinal cord.
—the cilia function to circulate the CSF.
-not a lot of tight junctions here trying to keep the fluid away…nervous tissue underneath these cells want CSF.
-forms a permeable lining of the ventricles.
-do not make CSF

39
Q

What are oligodendrocytes? function?

A

-centralized soma
contain enlarged end foot processes wrapping around pieces of axons.
Function: they line themselves up and wrap multiple bits of different axons.
-Nodes of ranvier are present.
-myelin-forming cells help electrically insulate CNS axons.

40
Q

What are the neuroglial cells in the pns?

A

satellite and schwann cells

41
Q

What are schwann cells?

A
  • similar to oligodendrocytes but do are cells that do not have processes
  • wrap themselves around a single chunk of an axon multiple times and it forms a row with other schwann cells
  • wrap all cells in the pns but only some of them are myelinated.
  • nodes of ranvier are present
42
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Located around the somas of neurons in the PNS

Function: cover the plasma membrane of the soma of a unipolar neuron, a sensory neuron–found in the ganglia of our PNS.

43
Q

What are myelin sheaths?

A

concentric layers of plasma membrane from schwann cells or oligodendrocytes tightly wrap segments of the thickest axons with myelin.

  • MULTILAYERED LIPOPROTEIN SHEATH AROUND AN AXON
  • electrical insulative barrier
44
Q

What is the neurilemma?

A

The thickened outer layer of of the schwann cell which contains all of the cytoplasmic contents.

45
Q

Do oligodendrocytes have a neurilemma?

A

No. the soma and nucleus are in a diff location so we dont get this thick outer layer.

46
Q

Explain Axonal regneration

A
  1. The axon become damaged, fragmented.
  2. Macrophages show up and clean up the site distal to the injury
  3. Schwann cells start to line up and create a REGENERATION TUBE where axon filaments begin to grow.
  4. The axon regenerates and new myelin sheath is formed.
47
Q

What are unmyelinated axons?

A
  • Found in the PNS.
  • Schwann cell that wraps around multiple thin axons and distributes itself around each of those axons giving each axon one layer of insulation.
  • they are wrapped but considered to be unmyelinated because its one layer
48
Q

What is gray matter?

A
  • predominantly formed by CELL BODIES (somas) of our neurons, mainly our interneurons and motor neurons.
  • it is centralized
  • short nonmyelinated interneurons
  • has neuroglia
49
Q

What is white matter?

A

surrounds the centralized gray matter.

  • made of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons traveling together in the CNS are called fiber tracts.
  • neuroglia is present
50
Q

What is a nucleus in regards to the CNS?

A

Clusters of somas in the gray matter that have similar function.
these form the gray matter.

51
Q

What is endoneurium, perineurium, epineruium?

A

Endoneurium wraps axons.
Perineurium wraps fasicles of axons.
Epineurium wraps multiple fascicles together with blood vessels running through inside.

52
Q

What are nerves?

A

cable-like organs with parallel arranged axons
-have blood vessels (smooth muscle, epithelial tissue) running through them, CT sheaths around them, nervous tissue making the axons and glial cells. hence why they are organs.

53
Q

What are reflexes?

A

rapid automatic motor responses to stimuli

54
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

simple chain of neurons that cause reflexes.

must have all five stages for reflex to occur.

55
Q

What are the stages of a reflex arc?

A

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center (interneuron can be present or not present), motor neuron, effector

56
Q

What are examples of reflexes?

A 
Monosynaptic= stretch reflex
Polysynaptic= flexion withdrawl reflex/withdrawl reflex/pain withdrawl reflex

APK 2100 EXAM 3 (4 decks)

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