Ch 12, 14, 15 Flashcards
1
Q
social psychology
A
study of causes & consequences of social tendencies in species; attempts to understand social dynamics of everyday life
2
Q
reverse psychology
A
based in desire to exercise free will
3
Q
social loafing
A
when in group, ppl put in less work/effort than when doing individual job
4
Q
deja vu
A
illusion of memory of a prior life
5
Q
social behavior
A
how ppl interact with one another
6
Q
social influence
A
how ppl change each other
7
Q
social cognition
A
how ppl think abt each other
8
Q
aggression
A
behavior with purpose of harming another
9
Q
cooperation
A
behavior of individuals that leads to mutual benefit
10
Q
altruism
A
behavior that benefits another without benefitting oneself nor expecting anything in return
11
Q
Cooperation only benefits everyone if _____
A
everyone cooperates
12
Q
Prisoner’s Dilemma
A
if both prisoners confess, they each get 10 years; if neither confesses, each get 1 year; if 1 confesses, other gets 30 years
prisoners must cooperate to help each other
13
Q
attribution theory
A
framework for understanding reasons behind others’ actions
14
Q
attribution
A
process of inferring cause of our own or another’s behavior
15
Q
internal attribution
A
something WITHIN person; dispositional attribution
16
Q
external attribution
A
something OUTSIDE person; situational attribution
17
Q
fundamental attribution error
A
tendency to attribute others’ behaviors to dispositional causes, while attributing your own to situational causes (AKA actor-observer bias)
18
Q
example of actor-observer bias
A
someone cuts you off and you think they’re just a jerk; later you cut someone else off but think it’s just because you needed to get into the right lane
19
Q
Attributions are susceptible to _____
A
biases
20
Q
impression formation
A
process where individuals form + or - perceptions of ppl or groups (snap judgments)
21
Q
confirmation bias
A
tendency to seek, interpret, & create info in ways that support existing beliefs
22
Q
Info inconsistent with prior beliefs will be processed _______ &
attended to ____
A
more slowly; less
23
Q
self-fulfilling prophecy
A
process by which expectations of a person eventually lead to person behaving in way that confirm those expectations (like fitting a stereotype)
24
Q
social norms
A
general societal rules of conduct reflecting standards of approval & disapproval; exert power over behaviors whether or not norm is true or false; difficult for individual to violate
25
overview of social psychology
1. interpreting others' behavior
2. behaving in presence of others
3. attitudes & behaviors
4. aggression & altruism
26
individualistic social norms
common in Western society; focus on individual gains rather than group gains
27
collectivistic social norms
common in Eastern society; focus on benefit of group rather than individual
28
conformity
tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, behaviors in ways consistent with group norms; impacted by presence of others;
Extent to which people modify behaviors to be consistent with behaviors of others
29
Solomon Asch
conducted Asch Conformity study to test how presence of others impacts conformity, how peoples’ beliefs affect the beliefs of others
30
Asch Conformity Test
visual judgment task
among confederates
* Objective: report which line most similar to standard line
* Participant considers the desire to be correct or the desire to follow group’s behavior
31
confederate
researcher pretending to be participant in study
32
in-group favoritism
tendency to treat members of own group better than outsiders; "us vs. them" mentality; common in sports
33
groupthink
group decision-making
style characterized by excessive tendency among group members to reach same consensus
Desire for harmony overrides realistic evaluations of decisions &
alternatives (ex: Challenger launch tragedy)
34
characteristics that contribute to groupthink
1. highly cohesive groups: more likely to reject deviant opinions
2. Group structure: people with similar backgrounds, strong leader, lack systematic procedures for
making decisions
3. Stressful situations provoke groupthink (reassurance from others highly desirable)
4. Low knowledge: individuals lack knowledge or feel other members are more qualified
35
methods of avoiding groupthink
1. Leader emphasizes importance of diverse opinions
2. Leader waits to voice opinions until others come up with ideas first
3. Assign group member role of ‘devil’s advocate’
4. Discuss group ideas/opinions with someone outside of group
5. Reward creativity & give
plenty of opportunity to voice opinions
6. Diversity among group
members
36
group polarization
tendency of groups to make more extreme decisions together than the members would individually
37
deindividuation
joining a group causes ppl to be less concerned with their own personal values
38
diffusion of responsibility
tendency for individuals to feel less responsibility when surrounded by others acting the same way (ex: bystander effect)
39
Milgram Experiment
Stanley Milgram assessed obedience to authority
"teacher" instructed to shock "student" at direction of man in white coat
* 65% of participants continued to
highest level of 450volts
* Participants felt anxious and uncomfortable the more the shock level increased
* showed that when authority IS deemed important or prestigious, ppl show more obedience
40
Stanford Prison Experiment
Philip Zimbardo examined power of situation to determine behaviors
* Examined the extent that social roles influence behavior
assigned role as prisoner or guard → chaos ensued
41
bystander effect
as number of bystanders increases, a person in need is less likely to receive help
* when emergency occurs, observers are most likely to take action if no one else is around
42
attitude
learned tendency to evaluate object, person, or issue in particular way; have ABC components
43
ABC components of attitude
AFFECTIVE: emotional evaluations & feelings
BEHAVIORAL: predispositions to act in given way, attitudes reflected by action
COGNITIVE: thoughts & conclusions abt topics/objects/ppl
44
Which is true? Attitudes shape behaviors, or behaviors shape attitudes?
BOTH
45
cognitive dissonance
unpleasant state of psychological tension (or dissonance) when you realize inconsistency of your own actions, attitudes, &/or beliefs
* Goal: reduce it via changing either attitude or behavior in order to reach consistency
46
To reduce dissonance, one must ________ or ________
justify behavior/change attitude or change behavior to be consistent
47
stereotype
characteristics attributed to members of specific
social group
* Assumes that people have certain characteristics BECAUSE of membership to a social group
can be inaccurate, overused, self-perpetuating, unconscious, and automatic
can lead to prejudice
48
stereotype threat
worry that may confirm
stereotype (& negative beliefs) that others hold about you through your behavior
* Results in decreased performance associated with a certain stereotype
ex: woman worries she'll do badly on math test bc of stereotype that women are bad at math ---> ends up doing poorly on test
49
prejudice
negative ATTITUDES toward ppl who belong to specific social group
* Learned via parents, peers, culture, & environment
* Based on exaggerated notion that members of other social group
(outgroups) are very different from our own social group
50
discrimination
negative ACTIONS
taken toward others based on common characteristics
51
instrumental aggression
violent behavior is
purposeful & helps to achieve some goal;
often carefully planned
* No intent to harm someone, but might
require physical force
52
hostile aggression
violent behavior for sole purpose of inflicting harm one someone else
* Intent to do harm
53
Men are more likely to engage in ______ aggression
physical
54
Women are more likely to engage in _______ aggression
verbal
55
biological factors theory of aggression
evolutionary basis in behaviors across people
* Neurological differences
(amygdala, limbic system, pre-frontal cortex (PFC)
* Hormone differences – testosterone
* Males: physical aggression;
Females: verbal aggression, social rejection
56
environmental factors theory of aggression
variables across situations influence aggression
* Behavior modeling & social learning – think Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment
57
psychological factors theory of aggression
people who are violent are often just mimicking behaviors of others
* the news, movies & tv, video games, song lyrics
* Income inequality & murder are highly correlated (.80)
58
prosocial behaviors
any behavior that helps another person, whatever the underlying benefit
* Volunteering, donating, complimenting, etc.
59
reciprocal altruism
expectation of returned gesture over long-term
60
reciprocity norm
if others help us, we feel motivated to provide something in return
* Give and take
61
abnormal psychology
study of psychological disorders
62
mental disorder
a persistent disturbance
or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant stress or
impairment
Impairs ability to function in 1 or more areas of life
Serious departure from existing social and
cultural norms
Defining factor: consistency over time (amount of time depends on disorder)
63
4 D's of psychological disorders
DEVIANCE: inconsistency with healthy standards
DYSFUNCTION: disruption to one's daily routine or life
DISTRESS: symptoms upsetting & may cause pain, suffering, sorrow
DANGER: may lead to harm/injury to self or others
64
Approximately ____ of all Americans report
experiencing at least one mental health
disorder during the course of their lives
50%
65
comorbidity
co-occurrence of 2+ disorders in an individual
66
biopsychosocial model
bio: genetic influences, biochemical imbalances, abnormalities in brain structure & function
psycho: maladaptive learning & coping, cognitive biases, dysfunctional attitudes, interpersonal problems
social: poor socialization, stressful life experiences,
cultural & social inequalities
67
diathesis-stress model
Suggests that a person may be predisposed for a
psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
–Allows the idea that most disorders have both internal (biological and psychological) and external (environment)
causes
68
DSM
Diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders (on DSM-5); used by mental health professionals to define, diagnose, & treat psychological disorders; developed by APA
disorders in each edition change according to social norms & progression
lists specific symptoms & behaviors that must/must not be present in order for illness to be diagnosed
69
neurodevelopmental disorders
autism, ADHD
70
autism-spectrum disorder
Begins in early childhood
persistent communication
deficits as well as restricted & repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
Poor eye contact
Hypersensitive or hyposensitive to stimuli
Becoming upset by changes to routines
trouble understanding unwritten rules
symptoms vary massively
71
ADHD
Persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause
significant impairments in
functioning
Behaviors occur for at least 6 months in at least 2 settings (ability to perform at school or home is impaired)
Present before age 12
Strong biological influence/heritability
72
anxiety disorders
Involve excessive, uncontrollable, & often irrational worry
interferes with daily functioning
Characterized by excessive & out of proportion:
Fear- response to current threats; immediate danger & escape behaviors ---> physical effects
–Increased HR & BP, shallow respiration, sweating
Anxiety- worry about future threats
---> mental & cognitive effects
–Thoughts of future danger, cautious or avoidant behaviors, and muscle tension; vigilance
Most common psychological disorder in US 9affects 19% of population)
73
phobias
persistent & irrational fear of specific object, situation, or activity
Almost always causes response
Actively avoided or endured with extreme discomfort
can provoke panic attacks or disrupt daily functioning
74
preparedness theory
idea that people are
instinctively predisposed toward certain fears
o Example: snakes and spiders have posed a threat to survival throughout
history, so this fear is evolutionary!
75
social anxiety disorder
irrational fear of being publicly humiliated/embarrassed
76
panic disorder
Characterized by sudden occurrence of multiple psychological & physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling
of stark terror (panic
attacks)
77
generalized anxiety disorder
Characterized by chronic excessive worry, NOT focused on any particular threat, accompanied by 3 or more of following
symptoms:
Restlessness
Fatigue
Concentration problems
Irritability
Muscle Tension
Sleep Disturbance
78
OCD
Person’s life dominated by
repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to
fend off those thoughts
Function of compulsions: decrease distress associated with obsessions
Behaviors must be carried out in certain pattern or sequence
refraining from compulsion causes extreme anxiety
failure to perform ritual/action ---> catastrophe
79
body dysmorphic disorder
distressing or impairing
preoccupation with imagined or slight defects in appearance
Greater prevalence in women, but affects men too
80
hoarding disorder
persistent difficulty discarding possessions
due to perceived need to save them; distress at the thought of getting rid of items ---> hoarding regardless of value
Highly related to stressful life events, like death and loss of loved one
81
mood disorders
Mental disorders that have affective disturbance (mood or emotion) as predominant feature
82
depression
unipolar; repeatedly
falling into depths of despair for no apparent reason & lasting for an
extended period of time
–Feeling of worthlessness, lethargy, sleep disturbances, appetite changes
83
mania
mood state characterized by extreme elation, overconfidence, impulsivity, high energy
84
bipolar
characterized by alternating periods of mania & depression
85
major depressive disorder
Disorder characterized by severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more; accompanied by:
Feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure
Lethargy
Sleep and appetite disturbances
86
seasonal affective disorder
MDD episodes predictable
with changing seasons with lower levels of sunlight
More common in women and people in northern latitudes
Can be improved by light therapy
87
persistent depressive disorder
dysthymia; less severe than MDD but is longer lasting
88
bipolar disorder
Periods of depression with alternating manic episodes;
89
BPD triggers
poor sleep
certain antidepressants and other medications
pregnancy & hormones
altercations with loved ones
drug misuse
change in seasons
90
schizophrenia
Psychotic disorder characterized by:
profound disruption of basic psychological
processes
distorted perception of reality
altered or blunted emotion
disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior
general lack of touch with reality & difficulty thinking clearly, making good
judgments, communicating effectively
splitting of mental faculties
fairly rare disorder, onset in young adulthood
91
schizo positive symptoms
Thoughts & behaviors not seen in those without disorder (hallucinations, delusions, incoherent/disorganized speech/thought, grossly disorganized behavior, catatonia, etc)
92
schizo negative symptoms
Deficits or disruptions to normal emotion & behaviors (4 A's)
93
schizo cognitive symptoms
Deficits in executive functioning, attention, and working memory
94
delusions
strong beliefs that are
maintained despite being irrational or not being based on reality
Ex: thinking you’re an important figure in society, thinking you’re being stalked by someone, thinking public media messages are just for you, etc
95
hallucinations
false sensory experiences that feel real
96
Incoherent/disorganized speech/thought
illogical thinking, peculiar associations, belief in supernatural
97
grossly disorganized behavior
behavior inappropriate for situation or ineffective for attaining goals, often with motor disturbances
98
catatonia
rigidity/stupor lasting for hours or days
performing strange movements
staying in uncomfy positions w/o shifting
erratic & extreme movements
echolalia (repetition of words/behaviors)
99
affective flattening
lack of emotional expression
100
avolition
lack of motivation
101
anhedonia
lack of experiencing pleasure
102
alogia
reduction in or lack of speech
103
People with more negative symptoms tend to show ______ brain activity levels in key areas
lower
104
schizophrenia brain abnormalities
include tissue loss (e.g., amygdala, hippocampus)
Especially in frontal & temporal lobes
105
dopamine hypothesis
schizophrenia caused by abundance of dopamine
106
PTSD
chronic physiological arousal (can lead to hypervigilance, tension, sleep difficulty
recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of trauma (flashbacks, nightmares)
Avoidance of things that call traumatic event to mind
symptoms onset w/in 3 months of experiencing or witnessing traumatic event
~ 3.5% of population
certain career fields more prone; military, sexual assault
107
dissociative disorders
Characterized by
disconnections in memory, identity, emotion, perception, behavior, & sense of self
Involuntary escape from reality
– detachment from various things ---> escape mechanism
108
dissociative negative symptoms
loss of memory/mental function (inability to recall personal info, important life events, significant ppl, etc)
109
dissociative identity disorder
Previously known as multiple personality disorder
Not multiple personalities – splitting of identity alternate personality states with distinct names, genders, ages, attitudes,
outlooks, & preferences
Characterized by presence of 2+ distinct identities & extensive memory loss
When alter emerges, experience lapses in time & memory (don’t know how they ended up somewhere)
Potential cause: severe trauma during early childhood
Serves as coping mechanism
110
personality disorders
Rigid & unhealthy pattern of cognitions, functioning,
behaviors, or controlling
impulses
Trouble relating to situations and other people
Deviates significantly from
expectations set by cultural norms
Behavioral patterns tend to be fixed & consistent across situations ---> significant distress & impairment
3 Clusters: A,B,C
111
antisocial personality disorder
Pervasive disregard for
morals, feelings, or
needs of others;
manipulation
Aggressive and violent
behavior, lack of remorse,
irresponsibility, lying, stealing
sociopaths & psychopaths
Begins in childhood or
early adolescence,
continuing into adulthood
112
sociopaths
ppl with APD who have a sense of morality but still choose to commit deviant, criminal acts
lack of remorse but may feel guilt & empathy
some emotions felt, but shallow/fleeting (ex: rage)
may form close attachments to few individuals
constant irresponsibility & repeated violations of the law
constant lying/deception
aggressive/reckless behavior
113
psychopaths
ppl with APD who have NO sense of morality
lack of guilt, remorse, or empathy
pretend to feel emotions
can't form true emotional connections
tend to be successful
dishonest, manipulative behavior, narcissism, superficial charm
114
therapy
clients are guided to be reflective & introspective → find their own answers
* Reduce distress & improve ability to function
in daily life
115
Who can provide therapy?
psychiatrists, psychologists, licensed social workers, licensed professional counselors
116
treatment
variety of strategies to help ppl manage psych disorders
117
psychopharmacology
administer psychotropic medications
* May not be sufficient way to treat disorder
118
psychotherapy
“talk therapy”
* Seeks to improve relationships, social
skills, and overall well-being → promote personal growth
* Not just talking; therapist uses clinical techniques, exercises, and assignments
119
psychiatrist
has medical degree; can assess and treat psychological disorders, prescribe medications
120
psychologist
has doctoral degree; can diagnose and treat behavioral disorders; produce and use research (basic & applied)
121
clinical social worker
has master's in social work; can provide mental health care & engage in advocacy
122
therapist
has master's; can assess & treat psych disorders
123
barriers to treatment
- People may not realize they have a mental disorder that can be effectively treated.
- People may think what they are experiencing is normal
- beliefs and circumstances
may keep people from
getting help, stigma
- Cultural differences in
perceptions of mental health
- Structural barriers prevent people from physically getting to treatment.
- The expense of therapy
- Limited therapists in area
124
in earlier history, mental health was attributed to _______ and treatment was _______
witchcraft, possession of demons & evil spirits; prayers & exorcism
125
trepanation
drilling hole in skull, thought to release demons causing illness; most ppl died from this early psychosurgery
126
prefrontal lobotomy
used to treat severe cases of psychosis
* Severs connection between portion of frontal lobe & rest of the brain
127
How were the mentally ill treated in early history?
inhumanely; institutionalized in asylums & separated from society
128
1st asylum & its conditions
Bethlehem "Bedlam" Hospital in London
crowded living, deteriorating conditions
patients shacked, shamed, restrained
129
Dorothea Dix
advocated for humane treatment of mentally ill (1800s)
130
efficacy
treatment works under strictly controlled (ex: lab) conditions
131
effectiveness
treatment works in real world
132
biopsychosocial model
Individual’s biological
makeup, psychological
experiences, & social
environment determine
one’s risk for developing a
psych disorder
133
treatments based on biopsychosocial model
bio treatments: psychopharmacotherapy, meds
psych interventions: talk therapy
social: environment can determine outcomes
134
biological treatment
Drug treatments target specific NTs in brain believed to cause psych disorders
* Treatments have grown in variety, effectiveness, &
popularity
* Most common approach to treating psych disorders
ALLEVIATES symptoms, does NOT cure them
135
psychopharmacology
study of drug effects on
psychological states & symptoms
* Seeks to understand the mechanisms ~ how is it
that the drug produces the effect
* Looks at how drugs interact with various
processes (cognitive, behavioral, etc.)
136
pharmaceutical treatments
antipsychotics/neuroleptics
antianxiety drugs
antidepressants
mood stabilizers
137
antipsychotic drugs
Mainly used to treat schizophrenia & related
psychotic disorders
*Dopamine hypothesis ~ increased dopamine
levels causes anxiety, agitation, delusions, &
hallucinations
typical & atypical
138
typical antipsychotics
AKA 1st-gen; work by blocking dopamine receptors
* good for POSITIVE symptoms
ex: Chlorpromazine (Thorazine),
Haloperidol (Haldol)
139
typical antipsychotics adverse effects
Mild: dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, dizziness
* Long-term, chronic use → extrapyramidal side effects (EPS): drug-induced movement disorders → inability to consciously control bodily movement
*Tardive dyskinesia:
involuntary and unwanted
facial movements (uncurable)
140
atypical antipsychotics
AKA 2nd-gen; work by blocking BOTH dopamine & serotonin receptors;
* Good for both positive & negative symptoms
ex: Clozapine, Risperidone,
Olanzapine, Aripiprazole
(Abilify)
141
atypical antipsychotics adverse effects
Less likely to cause addiction & can decrease amount of serotonin which plays role in hallucinations and
delusions
* Claimed absence of EPS, yet tardive dyskinesia remained
142
extrapyramidal side effects (EPS)
drug-induced movement disorders → inability to consciously control bodily movement
143
Tardive dyskinesia
involuntary and unwanted
facial movements (uncurable)
144
antianxiety medications
Drugs that help reduce experience of fear or anxiety associated with anxiety disorders
* Work by facilitating GABA action
* Remember: GABA is main CNS inhibitor
* Person can develop drug tolerance
* Tolerance, side effects, and withdrawal are issues
145
antianxiety drugs
* Have calming and relaxing effects (act as
sedative)
barbiturates & benzodiazepines
146
barbiturates
cause sedation & induce
sleep, but not used much anymore due to toxic effects
147
benzodiazepines
enhances effect of GABA,
highly addictive
* Long-term use → paradoxical effects:
aggression, agitation, panic
* Quickly develop tolerance & chemical
dependence
* Drugs: Diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), lorazepam (Ativan)
148
antidepressants
Help lift people’s mood by treat monoamine
imbalance (serotonin, norepinephrine,
dopamine) – which monoamine depends on
type of medication
MAOIs, tricyclic, SSRIs
149
MAOIs
prevent enzymatic breakdown of NTs; last
resort due to potentially fatal interactions with food & other drugs
150
tricyclic antidepressants
block reuptake of norepi &
serotonin, increasing amount of NTs in synaptic space
* Side effects: low BP, weight gain, decreased libido
151
SSRIs
most commonly used antidepressant; inhibit reuptake of serotonin in synapse → greater
concentration in synapse
High rate of effectiveness & low rate of side effects (but 2-week buildup)
ex: Prozac, Celexa, Lexapro, Zoloft
152
mood stabilizers
Used to treat bipolar disorder
* Used to suppress switches between mania & depression
* Manage excessive euphoria, reduced need for sleep, and grandiose
thinking associated with manic episodes; helps reduce aggression and
agitation
ex: lithium
153
lithium
most commonly prescribed mood stabilizer; can become toxic so regular blood testing needed
154
alternative meds
herbal medicines, megavitamins,
homeopathic remedies, and naturopathic remedies
exempt from rigorous research to establish safety & effectiveness
Studies show mixed evidence of effectiveness
*Usage should be monitored
155
light therapy
involves repeated exposure to bright light; used for ppl with SAD, MDD
156
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
electrical currents delivered to the brain → induces seizures that minimize symptoms
used for treatment-resistant patients
Modernized ECT → now safe & effective for severe depressive &/or manic symptoms
* Sedated, deliver low-voltage electrical currents; but high relapse rate →
repeated treatments
157
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
uses magnetic fields to stimulate neuronal activity → improve depressive symptoms
* Delivers magnetic pulse in specific brain regions (mood control) → activates regions with decreased activity from
depression
* Typically used when other forms of treatment haven’t been effective
158
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
combines psychosurgery with use of electrical currents
* Successful for treatment of OCD
* Insert battery-powered electrodes that deliver electrical pulses to specific brain areas associated with disorder
* like brain pacemaker!
159
psychotherapy
Interaction between trained therapist & client
* Clients seek assistance to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth
* Therapist helps clients identify & change problematic cognitions,
feelings, and behaviors
160
psychotherapy focuses on:
Changing internal experiences – cognitions, feelings, emotions
* Making adjustments to how individuals express internal experience via behavior
161
forms of psychotherapy
Individual: based on relationship between client & therapist
* Group therapy: therapist works with several people at once
* Family therapy and couple’s therapy
162
eclecticism
combine diff therapies & approaches
163
4 major schools of psychotherapy
1. Psychodynamic therapy
2. Behavior therapy
3. Cognitive therapy
4. Humanistic therapy
164
psychodynamic therapy
Goals:
*Bring repressed feelings into conscious
awareness
*Gain insight into unconscious thoughts,
behaviors, & motives via psychoanalysis
165
interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
centers around
improving current relationships via improved interpersonal
functioning
* Focus: grief, role disputes, role transitions, interpersonal
deficits
* Belief: symptoms will subside as interpersonal relations
improve
* Most common form of psychodynamic therapy currently
166
How are IPT and classic psychoanalysis different?
- sit face-to-face
- shorter sessions
- fewer sessions
- less intensive meetings
- Relief from symptoms is
reasonable goal; give support and advice
- Less likely to attribute client statements as signs of unconscious sexual/aggressive impulses
167
behavior therapy
Focuses on behavior
modification
assumes
1. Behavior is learned
2. Symptom relief achieved via changing overt, maladaptive behaviors → constructive
behaviors
* Eliminating unwanted behavior - Operant conditioning
168
behavior modification
changing specific problematic behavior;
examines current behavior (not past behavior)
169
token economy
promoting desired behavior; involves giving clients tokens for desired behavior, which can be later traded for rewards
170
exposure therapy
reducing unwanted emotional responses; involves confronting
an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and
repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease
in the emotional response
171
systematic desensitization
Learning new conditioned response (like relaxation) that inhibits old CR (like fear & anxiety)
172
steps of exposure therapy
1. Learn progressive relaxation – relaxing muscle groups one by
one
2. Therapist helps construct anxiety hierarchy (least → most)
* Develop image of control scene – relaxing safe place (e.g., beach)
4. Actual desensitization process – while deeply relaxed, patient imagines least threatening scene → gradually work up
the hierarchy
* Once mastered hierarchy → in vivo exposure
173
cognitive therapy
Involves helping a client identify & correct any
distorted thinking about self, others, or the world
174
cognitive restructuring
teaches clients to question automatic beliefs, assumptions, & predictions that often lead to negative thinking with
more realistic and positive beliefs
175
mindfulness meditation
teaches clients to be fully present in each moment; be aware of own thoughts, feelings, & sensations; & detect symptoms before they become a problem
176
cognitive behavioral therapy
blend of cognitive & behavioral strategies and
approaches
* Problem-focused
* Action-oriented
* Encourages transparency between therapist & client
* Substantial positive effects found for clients
presenting with a variety of disorders
177
humanistic therapy
Goal: reach our full potential as human beings; achieve our best
self
* Actual self vs ideal self – if inconsistent, psychological maladjustment occurs
178
client-centered therapy
founded by Carl Rogers;
places responsibility on therapist to create conditions that allow client to direct focus of therapy
* Self-directed
* Therapist tends not to provide advice or suggestions about what client should do
* Instead paraphrases to mirror client’s thoughts & sentiments
(e.g., “I think I hear you saying X”)
* Belief: Client will recognize right things to do with adequate support
179
3 conditions of client-centered therapist
1. Unconditional positive regard: unqualified love & acceptance
2. Empathetic understanding: understanding of problems & emotions (vs sympathy)
3. Congruence: genuine – body language matches speech
180
True or False: there is one universal best therapy
FALSE. people too
unique (individual differences!)
* Migrated away from Freud’s psychoanalytic
techniques (i.e., analysis of dreams & sexual
desires)
* Often, various theories & therapeutic methods
used
* Combos depend on person, situation, &
diagnosis
eclectic approach
