Ch 11 - Visual Knowledge

Question 1

how were introspection studies used to study imagery

Answer 1

through self-reports and inspect mental images as pictures

Question 2

how were chronometric studies used to study imagery

Answer 2

participants were asked to manipulate the mental images and observe how long these manipulations take

Question 3

the method and evidence of Kosslyn (1976)

Answer 3

asked participants to answer yes/no questions about their mental images

Question 4

the method and evidence of Kosslyn (1978)

Answer 4

an image-scanning experiment, participants mentally traveled between various locations on the island

Question 5

the method and evidence of zooming in (elephant vs bunny)

Answer 5

using the images presented to determine and identify their size compared to something else

Question 6

the method and evidence of mental rotation

Answer 6

to identify which pairs are the same by rotating each block, found that the further the distance, the longer it takes

Question 7

the result of mental rotation and mental scanning experiments about the nature of mental representations

Answer 7

they occur in a section of the brain more and more depending at which point the rotation degree is happening mentally

Question 8

how demand characteristics might have a role in experiments of visual imagery

Answer 8

without instruction, participants still form images

Question 9

study by Segal and Fusella (1970) and how they support the similarities between imagery and vision

Answer 9

a visual image interfered with the detection of a visual stimulus, and auditory image interfered with the detection of auditory stimulus

Question 10

study by Farah (1985) and how they support the similarities between imagery and vision

Answer 10

the imagery was presented on the screen, then the target letter was either presented before the blank screen or after, there was a higher correct percent detection when the image was the same as the target

Question 11

describe the biological and functional parallels between visualizing and vision through TMS

Answer 11

transcranial magnetic stimulation;
- decreases brain functioning in a area of the brain for a short time
- if behavior is disrupted, the deactivated part of the brain is causing that behavior
- disrupts vision and imagery

Question 12

describe the biological and functional parallels between visualizing and vision through neglect patients

Answer 12

patients can only see one side of something

Question 13

the difference between visual and spatial imagery and how this is supported by research involving blind participants

Answer 13

people who have been blind since birth also demonstrate the same effects in mental-rotation or image-scanning tasks, with response time being proportional to the distance traveled
- visual imagery and spatial imagery are not equal to each other

Question 14

how and why people may differ in their imagery experiences

Answer 14

• some people may be poor visualizers but good “spatializers”, and vice versa
• some people lack the capacity for visualization (aphantasia)

Question 15

eidetic memory

Answer 15

photographic memory that is very rare and is found in some autistic individuals

Question 16

how are images different than pictures

Answer 16

• perception is not neutral and goes beyond the information given
• interpretations are present in images

Question 17

what is the nature of visual imagery in memory

Answer 17

having “pictures” in the mind

Question 18

how can images help us remember

Answer 18

our brain encodes the image onto our memory for understanding and also retaining

Question 19

explain why it is beneficial to remember information in more than one form

Answer 19

dual coding; high-imagery words can be coded as both word and image, low-imagery words only have a verbal code

Question 20

how memory for pictures is similar to memory for other (non pictorial) stimuli

Answer 20

studies of memory for pictures illustrate ways in which long-term visual memory reflects general principles of memory

Question 21

explain how the type of memory we use might interact with the format of the image

Answer 21

• visual working memory is based on imagery and uses perceptual, spatial representations (image scanning, rotation, zooming)
• visual long-term memory is based on propositional knowledge and shares many representational principles with other forms of long-term memory (spreading activation, priming, schematic knowledge)