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Psychology II > Ch 11 - Motivation > Flashcards

Ch 11 - Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

an inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation

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2
Q

Instincts

A

automatic, involuntary, and unlearned behavior patterns triggered by particular stimuli

ex. Cats know how to catch mice

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3
Q

Fixed-action patterns

A

an instinctual behavioural sequence that’s relatively invariant within the species
o Ex. Mother turkeys

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4
Q

Releaser

A

the triggering stimulus – what cues the fixed action pattern
o Ex. The “cheep, cheep” sound of baby turkeys

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5
Q

Drives

A

a biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed, such as food or water

Humans act on drives, not instincts

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6
Q

Primary Drives

A

Innate like thirst, hunger, sex

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7
Q

Secondary drives

A

Needs conditioned to have meaning like money

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8
Q

Incentives

A

stimuli we seek that can satisfy drives such as food, water, social approval, companionship, and other needs

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9
Q

Drive reduction theories

A
  • We feel unpleasant tension when we stray from homeostasis (physiological equilibrium)
  • We become motivated (driven) to restore that physiological equilibrium (satisfy the need)
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10
Q

Homeostasis

A

body’s physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment

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11
Q

Arousal theory

A

Humans are motivated to engage in behaviours that either increase or decrease arousal levels
- if arousal high = look for low arousal activities
- if arousal low = look for high arousal activities (curiosity of unknown)

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12
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

idea that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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13
Q
  • Different tasks require different levels of arousal for optimal performance (simple and difficult tasks)
A
  • For simple or well-learned tasks: performance improves as arousal increases
  • For difficult tasks: performance declines as arousal increases
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14
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A
  • Abraham Maslow: believed individuals possess constantly growing inner drive that has great potential
  • 7 levels of needs
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15
Q

Self-determination theory

A

Proposes people have 3 primary motives

Autonomy: to cause outcomes in your own life – act consistently with your self-concept

Relatedness: to feel connected with others who are important to you – care for others and experience caring
- Ex. need to belong

Competence: to feel mastery over your life – to perform tasks at a satisfying level

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16
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

completing activity will yield some kind of reward or benefit upon completion
- Performance motivation

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17
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

doing something purely because of enjoyment or fun
- Mastery motivation

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18
Q

Over-justification effect

A

the addition of external motivation can undermine internal motivation
- Ex. Students who previously enjoyed solving puzzles showed less intrinsic motivation after being paid

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19
Q

Self-efficacy

A

confidence that one can plan and execute a course of action

20
Q

Approach goal

A

Incentives we are drawn towards like praise or money
- motivation to approach good outcomes

21
Q

Avoidance goal

A

Unpleasant outcomes we try to avoid such as shame or cost
- motivation to avoid outcomes

22
Q

3 motivational conflicts

A

Approach- approach: equally attracted to 2 or more possible goals

Avoidance-avoidance: choose lesser of 2 evils

Approach-avoidance: single activity has both positive and negative effect

23
Q

Hunger

A

the need to consume enough nutrients so that you have enough energy to function

24
Q

Parts of Hypothalamus

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus - when stimulated, it reduces eating (off switch)

Lateral hypothalamus - stimulation increases eating (on switch)

feeling full is in the brain, not the stomach

25
Q

Set point

A

genetically influenced weight range for an individual

26
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate

A

Rate at which the body burns calories for energy

27
Q

Ghrelin and Leptin

A
  • Makes you hungry
  • Turns off appetite
28
Q

“Kumerspeck”

A
  • Grief bacon
  • Weight gained from emotional eating
29
Q

Social Facilitation

A

eating more when were around other people – it’s a social activity

30
Q

Impression management

A

eating in order to fit in or not be embarrassed

31
Q

Minimal eating norm

A

good manners is to eat small amounts to avoid seeming rude (in some cultural settings its different)

(Subset of Impression management)

32
Q

Modeling

A

Eating whatever others eat

(Subset of Impression management)

33
Q

Mindless eating

A

idea that more of our eating behaviour than we expect is automatic

34
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A
  • First person who attempted to study sex scientifically in the 1940’s
  • Dispelled many myths about female sexuality
35
Q

4 Stages of sexual response cycle

A
  • Excitement
  • Plateau
  • Orgasm
  • Resolution
36
Q

Study by Clark and Hatfield:
stranger asks people to:
- go on date
- go to apartment
- have sex

A

Many more men said yes than women

problems:
- riskier for women to agree
- men and women perceived differently when propose casual sex

37
Q

Study:
Men and women watched various videos of sexual activity

A

Men: experienced arousal with videos of preferred genders

Women: experienced arousal with all videos, except of naked man walking on beach

38
Q

Affiliation need

A

the need to build relationship to feel a part of a group

39
Q

Waist-to-hip ratio and fertility

A

Married women with higher ratio reported more difficulty becoming pregnant

40
Q

Matching phenomenon

A

Men and women of similar attractiveness are drawn to one another

41
Q

Closing time effect

A

People perceive the opposite sex as more attractive as the night goes on

42
Q

2 type of love

A
  • Passionate
  • Compassionate
43
Q

Passionate love

A

Aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually at the beginning of a love relationship

44
Q

Infatuation

A

Strong, uncontrollable thoughts; intense feelings over acts towards a target of one’s affection (like crush)

45
Q

Compassionate love

A

Feelings of intimacy and affection we feel towards someone with whom our lives deeply intertwined

46
Q

Robert Sternberg: suggested love has 3 basic ingredients:

A
  1. Intimacy: feelings of being close and bonded
  2. Passion: arousal and sexual attraction
  3. Commitment: short-term commitment to love your partner, long-term to maintain that love and stay with them

Psychology II (4 decks)

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