^Ch. 11 Infection Control Flashcards
Infection occurs when the presence of a pathogen leads to a chain of events
yes
what are they types of pathogens
bacteria viruses fungi prions parasites
example of bacteria
staph. ecoli, TB
what is Viruses
organisms that use the host genetic machinery to reproduce
example of virus
HIV, Hepatitis, Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex virus
Example of fungi
molds and yeast (candida albicans)
Example of prions
Protein particles
Example of parasites
protozoa (malaria, toxoplasmosis)
helminths (worms, flatworms, roundworms, Flukes, shistosoma)
Virulence
the ability of a pathogen to invade and injure a host
herpes zoster
is a common viral infection that erupts years after exposure to chickenpox and invades a specific nerve tract
native immunity
restricts entry/immediately responds to a foreign organism (antigen) through the activation of phagocytic cells, complement and inflammation.
Passive
antibodies are produced by an external source
what is our bodies first line of defense?
Skin
antibodies that are produced by an external source
- temporary immunity that does not have memory of past exposure
- muscous membrane, secreation, enzymes, phagocytic cells, protective proteins
- inflammatory response with phagocytic cells, complement system, interferons to localize invasion and prevent spread
Specific adaptive immunity
allows body to make antibodies in response to a foreign organism. this reaction directs against an indentifiable micro organism
Active
antibodies are produced in response to an antigen
active antibodies
- requires time to react to antigen
- provides permanent immunity
- involves B and T lymphocytes
- produces specific antibodies against specific antigens
Infection Process (chain of infection)
- Causative agent (ex: bacteria)
- Reservoir (human, food, object)
- Portal of exit from the host
- -Respiratory tract
- -GI, skin, blood, transplacental
example of respiratory tract infection
Droplet airborne
-TB, pneumonia
Gastrointestinal tract
shigella, salmonella hep A
Genitourinary tract
Ecoli Hep A, HSV, HIV
Skin/mucous membrane
HSV, Varicella
Blood/body fluid
HIV, Hep B C
Mode of transmission
Contact
droplet
airborne
vector borne (animal insect…)
Susceptible host
compromised defense mechanisms, leaving the host more susceptible to infections
Stages of infection
- incubation
- prodromal stage
- illness stage
- convalescence
Incubation
interval between pathogen entering body and presentation of the first finding
Prodromal stage
pathogens multiplies
Illness stage
findings specific to the infection occur
Convalescence
acute finding disappear, total recovery taking days to months
Inflammation response stage one
local infection
- redness (dialation of arterioles bringing blood to the area)
- warmth of the area on palpation
- edema
- pain, tenderness
- loss of use to affected part
Second stage of inflammation
micro-organisms are killed. fluid contain dead tissues cells and WBCs accumulate and exudate appears at the site of infection. exudate leaves the body by draining into the lymph system
types of exudate
serous (clear)
sanguineous (contains red blood cells)
purulent (contain leukocytes and bacteria)
Third stage of inflammation
damaged tissue is replaced by scar tissue . the new cells take on characteristics that are similar in structure and function to the old cells
Airborne precaution
-droplet smaller that 5mcg
Measles, varicella, p
Airborne precaution
-droplet smaller that 5mcg
Measles, varicella, pulmonary, TB
Airborne precaution saftey
private room
- N95
- negative airflow
- full standard precaution
droplet precaution
-droplet larger than 5 mg travel 3-6 ft
ex: pneumonia
flu , scarlet fever
contact precautions
3 ft
ex: shigella, herpes scabies, MDRO
Antipyretics medication
are used for a fever and discomfort as prescribed
-acetaminophen , asprin
Antimicrobial therapy
kills or inhibits the growth of micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoans)
