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AS BIOLOGY > CH:11 - Immunity > Flashcards

CH:11 - Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Immune System

A

The body’s internal defence system.

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1
Q

Antigen

A

A substance that is foreign to the body and stimulates an immune response (e.g. any large molecule such as a protein)

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2
Q

Self

A

Refers to substances produced by the body that the immune system does not recognise as foreign, so they do not stimulate an immune response.

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3
Q

Non-self

A

Refers to any substance or cell that is recognised by the immune system as being foreign and will stimulate an immune response.

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4
Q

Antibody

A

A glycoprotein (immunoglobulin) made by specialised lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific antigen; each type of antibody molecule has a shape that is complementary to its specific antigen.

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5
Q

Immune Response

A

The complex series of responses of the body to the entry of a foreign antigen; it involves the activity of lymphocytes and phagocytes.

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6
Q

Clonal Selection

A

Individual lymphocytes have cell surface receptors specific to one antigen; this specificity is determined as lymphocytes mature and before any antigens enter the body (during an immune response the only lymphocytes to respond are those with receptors specific to antigens on the surface of the invading pathogen).

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7
Q

Clonal Expansion

A

The increase in number of specific clones of lymphocytes by mitosis during an immune response.

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8
Q

Plasma Cell

A

Short-lived, activated B-lymphocyte produced during clonal expansion; plasma cells produce and release antibody molecules.

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9
Q

Memory B-Cell

A

Long-lived, activated B-lymphocyte that is specific to one antigen; memory cells are activated to differentiate (develop) into plasma cells during secondary immune responses to the specific antigen.

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10
Q

Primary Immune Response

A

The first immune response to a specific antigen.

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11
Q

Secondary Immune Respnse

A

The second and any subsequent immune responses to a specific antigen.

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12
Q

Immunological Memory

A

The ability of the immune system to mount a larger and more rapid response to an antigen that has already been encountered before.

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13
Q

Variable Region

A

Region of an antibody molecule composed of parts of the light and heavy polypeptide chains that form the antigen-binding site; the amino acid sequences of the variable site form a specific shape that is complementary to a particular antigen.

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14
Q

Antigen Presentation

A

The process of preparing antigens and exposing them on the surface of host cells (e.g. macrophages) for recognition by T-lymphocytes.

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15
Q

T-helper Cells

A

Type of T-lymphocyte that secretes cytokines to coordinate activity during immune responses.

16
Q

T-killer Cells

A

Type of T-lymphocyte that attaches to cells, releasing toxic substances to kill infected cells and cancer cells.

17
Q

Cytokine

A

Any signalling molecule released by cells to influence the growth and/or differentiation of the same or another cell.

18
Q

Active Immunity

A

Immunity gained when an antigen enters the body, an immune response occurs and antibodies are produced by plasma cells.

19
Q

Natural Active Immunity

A

Immunity gained by being infected by a pathogen.

20
Q

Vaccine

A

A preparation containing antigens to stimulate active immunity against one or several diseases.

21
Q

Artificial Active Immunity

A

Immunity gained by putting antigens into the body, either by injection or by mouth.

22
Q

Vaccination

A

Giving a vaccine containing antigens for a disease, either by injection or by mouth; vaccination confers artificial active immunity without the development of symptoms of the disease.

23
Q

Passive Immunity

A

The temporary immunity gained without there being an immune response.

24
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

A

The immunity gained by injecting antibodies.

25
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

The immunity gained by a fetus when maternal antibodies cross the placenta or the immunity gained by an infant from breast milk.

26
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Vaccinating a large proportion of the population; provides protection for those not immunised as transmission of a pathogen is reduced.

27
Q

Ring Immunity

A

Vaccinating all those people in contact with a person infected with a specific disease to prevent transmission in the immediate area.

28
Q

Monoclonal Antibody (Mab):

A

An antibody made by a single clone of hybridoma cells; all the antibody molecules made by the clone have identical variable regions so are specific to one antigen.

29
Q

Hybridoma

A

A cell formed by the fusion of a plasma cell and a cancer cell; it can both secrete antibodies and divide to form other cells like itself.

AS BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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