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Radiology Physics > Ch. 10 Radiation Protection Procedures for Patients and Personnel > Flashcards

Ch. 10 Radiation Protection Procedures for Patients and Personnel Flashcards

1
Q

What does ICRP stand for?

A

International Commission on Radiological Protection

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2
Q

What is the role of NCRP?

A

National Council on Radiation Protection

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3
Q

What does NAS-BEIR represent?

A

National Academy of Sciences Advisory Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

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4
Q

What does UNSCEAR stand for?

A

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

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5
Q

What is the NRC?

A

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

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6
Q

What does the FDA stand for?

A

US Food and Drug Administration

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7
Q

What is the occupational exposure limit set by NCRP?

A

50 mSv

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8
Q

What is the annual public exposure limit?

A

1 mSv per year

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9
Q

What is the total gestation exposure limit for embryo/fetus?

A

5 mSv (0.5 mSv/month of gestation)

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10
Q

What is the annual exposure limit for education and training?

A

1 mSv for trainees

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11
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

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12
Q

What are the main procedures that give occupational exposure?

A

Fluoroscopy, Mobile C-Arm, Cardiac lab, Swing lab, Mobile radiography, GI studies

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13
Q

True or False: The patient should be held during an exposure.

A

False

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14
Q

What is leakage radiation?

A

Radiation coming from the tube that is secondary radiation

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15
Q

What constitutes secondary radiation?

A

Leakage + scatter radiation

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16
Q

Where is lead typically found in general diagnostic x-ray rooms?

A

In the walls of the control room

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary beam should only expose the _______.

A

patient

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18
Q

What are the three principles of personnel exposure reduction?

A
  1. Time
  2. Distance
  3. Shielding

These principles help minimize radiation exposure in medical and industrial settings.

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19
Q

How can reducing time in a radiation area help reduce exposure?

A

It minimizes the duration of exposure to radiation sources.

This principle is particularly important in areas where radiation is present, such as during fluoroscopy or mobile imaging.

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20
Q

What is the effect of increasing distance from a radiation source according to the inverse square law?

A

If you double your distance, you decrease your exposure by 4x.

This law emphasizes the importance of maintaining a safe distance from radiation sources.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of shielding in radiation protection?

A

To block radiation when time and distance cannot be used.

Shielding devices include lead aprons, thyroid shields, lead gloves, and lead glasses.

22
Q

What are primary barriers in radiation protection?

A

Structures that could be struck by the primary beam.

23
Q

What are secondary barriers in radiation protection?

A

Structures that will only be struck by leakage or scatter.

24
Q

Fill in the blank: Protective devices are used when it is not possible to stand behind a _______.

A

lead wall.

25
Q

What are some examples of protective barriers?

A
  1. Walls
  2. Portable walls
  3. Doors

These structures help prevent radiation from affecting areas occupied by personnel.

26
Q

What is beam limitation in radiology?

A

Always have the size of your x-ray beam to match the size of the detector

27
Q

What does PBL stand for in radiology?

A

Positive Beam Limitation

This is an automatic feature that adjusts the x-ray beam size.

28
Q

What is collimation?

A

Field size adjustment of the x-ray beam

Proper collimation reduces patient tissue exposure.

29
Q

What does mAs stand for in radiology?

A

Milliamperage seconds

This measures the quantity of x-ray photons produced.

30
Q

What is the relationship between mAs and x-ray exposure?

A

Higher mAs increases the quantity of x-ray photons

Example: 20 mAs vs. 80 mAs.

31
Q

What does kVp stand for?

A

Kilovoltage peak

This indicates the quality (energy) of x-ray photons.

32
Q

What is the recommended minimum tube filtration for x-ray equipment operating over 70 kVp?

A

2.5 mm Al/equivalent

This filtration removes low energy photons that do not provide diagnostic quality.

33
Q

What is the purpose of tube filtration?

A

To filter out low energy photons before they reach the patient’s skin surface

34
Q

What is the effect of using a grid in radiology?

A

Absorbs unwanted scatter radiation, improving image quality

Grids are recommended for larger body parts (10 cm or more).

35
Q

What happens to the technique (mAs) when using a grid?

A

Must increase the technique (mAs)

This compensates for the absorption of useful radiation by the grid.

36
Q

True or False: Low energy photons have diagnostic quality.

A

False

Low energy photons are absorbed by the patient and can cause biological harm.

37
Q

What is gonadal shielding?

A

Using lead to cover and block radiation to the reproductive cells and organs

38
Q

Name the three types of gonadal shields.

A
  • Flat (contact)
  • Shaped (contact)
  • Shadow Shield
39
Q

What is a flat (contact) gonadal shield?

A

A piece of lead used to cover reproductive organs

40
Q

What is a shaped (contact) gonadal shield?

A

A shield similar to an athletic cup, used only for males

41
Q

What is a shadow shield?

A

Lead placed in the part of the beam that would hit gonads

42
Q

What factors affect image receptor radiation requirements?

A

Some detectors require less radiation, while others require more to create the image

43
Q

What is the relationship between the speed of the receptor, technique, and patient dose?

A

Increased speed of receptor = decreased technique = decreased pt dose

Decreased speed of receptor = increased technique = increased pt dose

44
Q

What is the difference between PA and AP projections?

A

PA (posteroanterior = back to front) vs AP (anteroposterior = front to back) refers to where the primary beam enters, affecting radiation dose

45
Q

What happens to patient dose when radiographic images are repeated?

A

When you repeat, you double patient dose

46
Q

How often must X-ray units be tested?

A

1-2 times per year

47
Q

What must be ensured during X-ray unit testing?

A

X-ray output must be accurate

48
Q

What options are available for a pregnant worker in radiology?

A
  • Option to declare pregnancy
  • Option to change work schedule (mobile, fluoro)
  • Wear a fetal dosimeter on waist under apron
49
Q

What should be questioned regarding pregnant patients?

A

Question on LMP or pregnancy

50
Q

What is organogenesis and its significance?

A

Organogenesis is when fetal organs are forming (stem cells) and occurs from 8-15 weeks of gestation, marking the maximum radiosensitive window as organs are forming

51
Q

What is the risk of spontaneous abortion related to gestation?

A

Spontaneous abortion can occur up to 6 weeks of gestation, with a higher likelihood between days 1-3 weeks

52
Q

True or False: Radiation exposure is less critical during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Radiology Physics (6 decks)

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