CH 10 L2 Peasants, Trade, and Cities

Question 1

What was the carruca? What was its influence?

Answer 1

Iron plow that could turn heavy soils; led to more farming villages because very expensive and required many animals, village would share

Question 2

How did the 3-field crop rotation change agriculture?

Answer 2

Could use more land in a year, so could grow more food

- Instead of 2-field

Question 3

What is a manor?

Answer 3

Agricultural estate worked on by peasants and ran by a lord

Question 4

What were the obligations of a serf?

Answer 4

1. Worked lord’s land & used rest of estate to grow own food
2. Paid rent with share of all products
3. Paid rent for using manor’s resources - streams, pasturelands, etc.

Question 5

What were some of the restrictions a serf had?

Answer 5

1. Couldn’t leave manor without permission from lord

2. Could be tried by lord in manor’s courts

Question 6

In what ways were serfs not slaves?

Answer 6

1. Land to support themselves couldn’t be taken away
2. Responsibilities were mostly fixed
3. Lord had to protect them

Question 7

What were peasant houses like?

Answer 7

1. Made of wood, straw, & clay

2. Some were 2 room, poorer families were 1 room

Question 8

Were the responsibilities of peasants always the same?

Answer 8

Changed with seasons, depending on harvest schedule

Question 9

When did trade revival begin?

Answer 9

11th & 12th centuries

Question 10

Where were 2 major trade centers?

Answer 10

Italian cities (Venice), Flanders

Question 11

What was the Hanseatic League?

Answer 11

Alliance between over 100 northern European cities to protect trade & economic opportunity
- 13th century, Baltic & North Sea region

Question 12

What influenced the development of a money economy?

Answer 12

Trade increased, gold & silver demand increased

Question 13

What developed after the development of a money economy?

Answer 13

Trade companies, banking firms, new laws

Question 14

Where did merchants settle?

Answer 14

Old Roman cities; Artisans followed them

Question 15

Who were the bourgeoise?

Answer 15

Merchants and artisans that lived in walled cities near castle

Question 16

What freedoms did merchants and artisans get and why?

Answer 16

Buy and sell property, freedom from military service, townspeople had guaranteed freedom, serfs living there over 1 yr & 1 day were free

Lord could profit off them

Question 17

Who were citizens of the cities?

Answer 17

Men who were born there or had lived there a long time

Question 18

What government practices did the cities have?

Answer 18

Citizens were elected (rigged) as city council members - were judges & passed laws

Question 19

What were the cities like?

Answer 19

Smelled like waste, air pollution from fires and cheap coal; crowded, stone walls surrounding

Question 20

Were women artisans?

Answer 20

Some were for extra money, widows of master craftsmen would sometimes takeover

Mostly expected to raise kids & keep house, so more men than women

Question 21

What were guilds for?

Answer 21

Set quality standards, prices, and number of people allowed in a trade

Guilds also for groups of same kind of merchants (i.e. silk traders)

Question 22

What did trade revival bring?

Answer 22

Growth of cities