CH 10 L2 Peasants, Trade, and Cities Flashcards
What was the carruca? What was its influence?
Iron plow that could turn heavy soils; led to more farming villages because very expensive and required many animals, village would share
How did the 3-field crop rotation change agriculture?
Could use more land in a year, so could grow more food
- Instead of 2-field
What is a manor?
Agricultural estate worked on by peasants and ran by a lord
What were the obligations of a serf?
- Worked lord’s land & used rest of estate to grow own food
- Paid rent with share of all products
- Paid rent for using manor’s resources - streams, pasturelands, etc.
What were some of the restrictions a serf had?
- Couldn’t leave manor without permission from lord
2. Could be tried by lord in manor’s courts
In what ways were serfs not slaves?
- Land to support themselves couldn’t be taken away
- Responsibilities were mostly fixed
- Lord had to protect them
What were peasant houses like?
- Made of wood, straw, & clay
2. Some were 2 room, poorer families were 1 room
Were the responsibilities of peasants always the same?
Changed with seasons, depending on harvest schedule
When did trade revival begin?
11th & 12th centuries
Where were 2 major trade centers?
Italian cities (Venice), Flanders
What was the Hanseatic League?
Alliance between over 100 northern European cities to protect trade & economic opportunity
- 13th century, Baltic & North Sea region
What influenced the development of a money economy?
Trade increased, gold & silver demand increased
What developed after the development of a money economy?
Trade companies, banking firms, new laws
Where did merchants settle?
Old Roman cities; Artisans followed them
Who were the bourgeoise?
Merchants and artisans that lived in walled cities near castle
What freedoms did merchants and artisans get and why?
Buy and sell property, freedom from military service, townspeople had guaranteed freedom, serfs living there over 1 yr & 1 day were free
Lord could profit off them
Who were citizens of the cities?
Men who were born there or had lived there a long time
What government practices did the cities have?
Citizens were elected (rigged) as city council members - were judges & passed laws
What were the cities like?
Smelled like waste, air pollution from fires and cheap coal; crowded, stone walls surrounding
Were women artisans?
Some were for extra money, widows of master craftsmen would sometimes takeover
Mostly expected to raise kids & keep house, so more men than women
What were guilds for?
Set quality standards, prices, and number of people allowed in a trade
Guilds also for groups of same kind of merchants (i.e. silk traders)
What did trade revival bring?
Growth of cities
