Ch. 10

Question 1

Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

What is personality shaped by?

Answer 2

The combined forces of biological, situational, and mental processes

Question 3

What brain modules influence personality?

Answer 3

Sex, aggression, hunger, thirst, achievement

Question 4

What is the difference between individualism and collectivism?

Answer 4

Individualism - everyone is supposed to take care of him or herself and his or her immediate family only
Collectivism - people are born into extended families or clans which protect them in exchange for loyalty

Question 5

What persistent patterns, or dispositions, make up our personalities?

Answer 5

Temperaments, traits, or types provide consistency to a persons personality

Question 6

What are “Humors”?

Answer 6

Four bodily fluids that, according to Hippocrate’s ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance

Question 7

Biologically based, establishes mood of an individual’s behaviors

Answer 7

Temperament

Question 8

Stable personality characteristics

Answer 8

Traits

Question 9

What are the two important attributes of good psychological tests?

Answer 9

Reliability and validity

Question 10

What does OCEAN stand for?

Answer 10

1. Openness to experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extroversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism

Question 11

Personality is the result of…

Answer 11

Internal mental processes and social interactions

Question 12

System of treatment for mental disorders

Answer 12

Psychoanalysis

Question 13

Psychoanalytic Theory is…

Answer 13

Freud’s Theory of personality

Question 14

Assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts

Answer 14

Psychic Determinism

Question 15

Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life

Answer 15

Psychosexual Stages

Question 16

What is the Oedipus Complex?

Answer 16

Largely unconscious, boys displace erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age

Question 17

Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety

Answer 17

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Question 18

Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection (ink blot test or cloud watching)

Answer 18

Projective Tests

Question 19

Retained psychodynamic emphasis and personality driven by motivation

Answer 19

Neo-Freudians

Question 20

What do humanists emphasize?

Answer 20

Human potential and mental health

Question 21

Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials

Answer 21

Self-Actualizing Personalities

Question 22

Term for a self-actualizing individual who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality

Answer 22

Fully Functioning Person

Question 23

Ability to tolerate ontological (normal) anxiety and seek out new experiences in the search for meaning

Answer 23

Existential Courage

Question 24

Process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others

Answer 24

Observational Learning

Question 25

An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate

Answer 25

Locus of Control

Question 26

I questioned assumptions about personality; used to simplify the task of understanding others

Answer 26

Implicit Personality Theories

Question 27

Stories one tells about oneself

Answer 27

Self-Narratives

Question 28

A desire to overcome obstacles in the effort to help others

Answer 28

Redemptive Self

Question 29

Overestimating the causes of any behavior as primarily a function of dispositional factors rather than social situational factors

Answer 29

Fundamental Attribution Error