Ch. 1 OO Flashcards
The science of modern psychology is based on what?
Scientific research, empirical evidence, gathered by careful observation, experimentation and measurement.
What are the 3 groups human beings are organized into?
Geographic and historical coherence- family, class, community -nation.
According to web DuBois what do all human beings posses?
Double consciousness
The schism between religion and psychology is a gap that is being filled once again by spiritual theories in____ ______
Transpersonal psychology.
Bodhisattva path
An integration of self improvement and social zero
Who said “Know thyself”?
Socrates
Western civilization is ancient and can be tracked back to greek thought where definitions of self and identity became contingent upon an active process of examining sorting out and scrutinizing the events of adventures of one’s own life.
Introspection
______ (as western civilization knows it) is simply not a feature of indian culture, or has a different context. There is an absence of an indian counterpart to western-style ______
Introspection/ introspection.
Relating to or denoting propositions. It includes arguments and that our concepts proceed from theoretical deduction, hence being based on inference rather than observation different cultures have different a priori assumptions
A priori
Science and human education without ____, becomes less than human, a technology that can be bought by anyone for any purpose like the german scientists who could work with equal zeal for nazis or for americans.
Values,
Many of the important questions that psychology seeks to answer involves the______________________________
Existence of universal constant and weather culture is a variable
Schemata
A conception of what is common to all members of a class; a general or essential type or form.
In mainstream psychology ___________________________ and psychological have limited external validity
The full range of psychological phenomena is not typically investigated
One consequence of focusing on the issue and problems found in the united states is the_____________________
Neglect of scientific contributions made by researchers in other countries
The second line of criticism about conventional western psychology deals with ___________
Unlimited internal validity of psychological knowledge
Psychological theories and methods developed in the united states adopted the ______ as a basic unit of analysis affirming ____
Individual, the individualistic bias
Fundamental challenge is the question of ___ ___ __ of gen. psychology. the basic assumptions of psychology as a branch of natural sciences and the use of experimental methods have been ______.
The scientific validity, seriously challenged.
Indigenization
Is the process in which non-western cultures redefine things
So if psychology is defined as ________ _____ _____, combining these definitions, indigenous psychologies can be defined as the scientific study of human behavior, or the mind that is native, that is not _____ _____ _____ ____ ____
A scientific study of human behavior and the mind, transported from other regions and that is designed for its people.
This pain is not only physical, psychological and the nature of human beings have long sought answers to their psychological and physical suffering in _____ _____ _____
Spiritual and religious practices
Many aspects of buddhist doctrine_____ _____ _____
Are psychological in nature
Buddhist psychology speaks of psychology and physical pain in ______ ____ ____
the four noble truth
What are the four noble truths?
1.Life Is suffering 2.the cost of suffering is the desire or craving 3.suffering can be ended by the cessation of desire or craving 4.There Is no way to achieve this cessation; which is called the noble eight fold path.
_______, the most popular of all hindu texts also states that all suffering is ____ _____ ____
Bhagavad Gita, caused by desire
Psychological knowledge is largely ______. On some levels, there are no hard facts and _____ ______ ____ ___.
Interpretive, pure objectivity is a myth.
The reality which we perceive is always _____ _____ and we will call facts..
Our reality,
Psychology studies ______ with the hope to ____ ___ and uncovering the ___ ____ ____ ___.
Behavior, ease suffering, causes of human behavior
Human beings need ____ ____ ____. Help is available in the form of ____ ____ ____ ____. ______ ____ has not been considered much to be a valid part of mainstream psychology.
Help and guidance. psychology and indigenous wisdom.Indigenous Knowledge
Somatic therapy
Recognition and release of physical tension that may remain in the body in the aftermath of a traumatic event.
Psychologists may be said to be committed to the use of ______ _____ there is dispute as to the outer boundaries of this method regarding the proper subject matter for study.
The scientific method
Definitions of psychology put the stress on _____, some on behavior, others on ___ ___, some on ____ ____ __, some on the unconscious, others on human nature.
Experience. psychological relations. unconscious mental processes
Psychology is not a unified science but_____ _____ _____ ___ of which the relevance to human life depends upon the particular opinions and facts one uses for consideration, and the presuppositions and theories we select for investigation.
Rather a collection of facts and opinions
Methods developed in the natural sciences are of limited use ____ ____ ___ ___
In our attempt to understand human beings
Wilhelm Wundt, believed that ____ ____ studies and the ____ ____ tradition are complementary rather than mutually exclusive.
Natural science, cultural science
_____ ___ ’s unique contribution is the amalgamation of the psychological level of analysis with the cultural level of analysis.
Wilhelm Wundt
E. B. Titchner gave Wilhelm Wundt’s approach the name____
Structuralism
E. B. Titchner and Wilhelm Wundt focused their experiment on the conscious experience for what?
Feelings sensations perceptions and ideas that are immediate and unbiased by time
The problem with Wilhelm Wundt’s conscious experience comes when two individuals exposed to the same stimulant____ ____ ___. In other words of us not generally the best way to obtain scientific information.
Report different experiences, introspection
The newest theory to rival Wundt’s structuralism theory was ____ ____ _____
Functionalism
Functionalism was an out growth of what?
Charles darwin’s study on animal behavior
Rivaling psychologist thought that knowing the composition or structure of the mind is not nearly as important as ____ ____ ____ ___
Understanding as activities or functions.
Darwin’s belief that just as there are similarities and body structure and animals including humans there are also commonalities ____ _____ ____
Mental functioning.
In 1883 _____ ____ proposed the science of hereditary which he called eugenics.
Francis galton
In the united states functionalism gained prestige through the influence of physician\philosopher _____ ___
William james
Who developed the idea of radical empiricism?
William james
Empiricism states that to be radical, empiricism must what ?
Neither admit into its construction any element that is not directly experienced, nor exclude from that any element that is directly experienced.
Which early philosopher began by asking questions about the nature of man?
Socrates
Which early philosopher speculated about the emotion perception and learning?
Plato
Which early philosopher considered mind and body as unity?
Aristotle
Which early philosopher brought psychology into the realm of biology?
Aristotle
Psychology according to Freud humans are motivated by two things, what are they?
Instincts (unlearned behaviors), violent and sexual drives.
Which perspective, view humans as born with a tabula rasa. Humans are born either good nor evil but simply learn everything.
Behaviorism
Operationalism
A form of positivism that defines scientific concepts in terms of the operations used to determine or prove them.
Logical positivism (later also known as logical empiricism)
A philosophy asserting the primacy of observation in assessing the truth of statements of fact and holding that metaphysical and subjective arguments not based on observable data are meaningless.
Operant conditioning
A learning process in which the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement each time the behavior is exhibited, so that the subject comes to associate the pleasure or displeasure of the reinforcement with the behavior.
According to ______, virtually all behavior can be explained as a product of learning and all learning consist of conditioning
Behaviorism
How do most introductory psychology textbooks begin by defining psychology?
The study of behavior.
The advances like behavior therapy is an effective choice____ _____ ____
For phobias or irrational fears.
Psychology also considers ____ ____ ____ as they relate to human experience
Conditioning and learning
A purificatory ceremony or rite marking a major event in one’s life
Samskaras
According to hinduism life is ann aggregate of _____ or habit patterns.
Samskaras
____ and _____ are the two original humanists
Abraham Maslow and carl rogers
Which perspective wants the psychologist to empathize understanding, description and enhancement for the patient?
Humanistic perspective
____ Observed that the activities we are most concerned with in the human realm are the least ____ to treatment by __________.
Giorgi. least susceptible. Traditional research methods
_____ says that psychology could never be a science of complete prediction and control of behavior.
Humanism
Psychologist across all perspectives embrace ideas of _____ and stick ideas set forth by ___ and ___.
Humanism. Maslow and rogers
Transpersonal psychology
_____ ______ can be understood as the melding of wisdom of the world spiritual traditions with modern psychology
This perspective emphasizes what goes on in a persons head, how one reasons, remembers, understands language, solves problems, explains experiences, and forms beliefs.
Cognitive
This perspective says cultural forces outside the individual forces that shape every aspect of behavior,
Cultural perspective
