Ch. 1 Lecture Flashcards
anatomy
the study of structure
physiology
the study of function
physiology emerges from
anatomy
anatomical structures in isolation are not meaningful without
physiological processes
why should we study anatomy and physiology
to understand how we work, to define and create human health and vitality, and to define and treat disease
ways to study anatomy
by looking at it (inspection), physical examinations, dissections of cadavers, use of comparative anatomy, and medical imaging
if no tool is needed, you’re observing
gross anatomy
microscopic anatomy includes
histology and cytology
histology
the study of all tissues
cytology
individual cells
palpation
feeling with the hands
auscultation
listening to the body
percussion
tapping on the body
comparative anatomy
comparing to another species
medical imaging
methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, radiology
understanding physiology depends on knowing
anatomy
subdivision of physiology deal with
specific body systems
physiology is often focused on events at
cellular and molecular levels
reductionism
bottom-up approach, understanding the PARTS will help you understand how the body works
holism
top-down approach, “we are more than just a sum of our parts”
you are as different on the inside as you are on the
outside
some people lack a
palmaris longus and plantaris muscle
the average number of lumbar vertebrae is 5, some people have
4 or 6
kidney position, blood supply, and drainage
can vary
blood vessels
are highly variable in number and position
physiology varies with:
sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, environment, etc..
inspection
simply looking at the body’s appearance
dissection
carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationship
cadaver
a dead human body
exploratory surgery
opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it
Ultrastructure
refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope
comparative physiology
the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction
histopathology
branch of medicine that studies tissues for disease
structural hierarchy
atom, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
organism
a single, complete individual
the urinary system is an example of
organ system
the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life
cell
tissue
a group of cells working together for a common function
organelles are composed of
molecules
organ system
a group of organs with a unique collective function
organ
a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
what structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell
nuclear envelope
plasma membrane
the name for a structure that is specialized to detect a stimulus is a(n)
receptor
blood pressure is controlled by what kind of feedback
negative
an integrating center
processes information
what is the cell or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus called
effector
what part of a feedback mechanism processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of action
integrating center
physiology attempts to _______________ inside the body
maintain a balance of conditions
dynamic equilibrium
around a set point
feedback mechanisms typically rely on three parts:
receptor, control center, effector
negative feedback
deviation from set point is detected and the deviation is corrected. when set point is reached, the mechanism stops
positive feedback
self-amplifying cycle in which the deviation from the set point gives rise to further deviation from the set point
sagittal section
pov from side
frontal section
pov from front
transverse section
pov from cut in half
anterior
toward the ventral side (front)
posterior
toward the dorsal side (back)
rostral
rostral
superior
above
inferior
below
medial
toward the median plane
lateral
away from the median plane
proximal
closer to the point of attachment or origin
distal
farther from the point of attachment or origin
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
contralateral
on opposite sides of the body
superficial
closer to the body surface
deep
farther from the body surface
the terms distal/proximal are preferred in the _____ over superior/inferior
limbs
the terms superior/inferior are preferred in the _____ of the body over distal/proximal
trunk
two major body regions:
axial and appendicular
axial
head, neck, and trunk
neck
cervical
trunk
made of thoracic and abdominal regions
appendicular upper limb
arm, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers
arm
brachial
forearm
antebrachial
wrist
carpal
hand
manual
fingers & toes
digits
appendicular lower limb
thigh, leg, ankle, foot, toes
thigh
femoral
leg
crural
ankle
tarsal
foot
pedal
dorsal body cavity
cranial and vertebral
ventral body cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic
thoracic cavity
right and left pleural cavities separated by mediastinum and pericardial
cranial cavity
brain
vertebral canal
spinal cord
pleural cavity
lungs
pericardial cavity
heart
abdominal cavity
digestive organs, spleen, kidneys
pelvic cavity
bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
serous membranes
cover the organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
parietal serosa
covers the wall of the cavity
visceral serosa
covers the organs
mesentery
visceral peritoneum that suspends/anchors an organ
serosa
visceral peritoneum that encircles the outer surface of organs (like stomach and intestine)
greater and lesser omentum
fatty extension of visceral peritoneum that lies on the anterior surface of the organs (unattached)
