Ch. 1 & Lab Exercise 1 Introduction to A&P (Study Guide)

Question 1

Define:

• Anatomy
• Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy

Answer 1

-Anatomy: Study of internal and external structure. Physical relationships among body parts.

• Gross Anatomy: (Macroscopic anatomy) Surface, regional, systemic. Considers features visible with the unaided eye.
• Microscopic anatomy: Cytology, histology. Concerns structures we cannot see with the naked eye.

Question 2

Explain the anatomical levels of organization of the body (Increasing complexity 1-7)

Answer 2

1. Chemical (Molecular)
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism

Question 3

Name the 11 organ systems of the body

Answer 3

• Integumentary: (hair, skin, nails) Protects against environmental hazards, regulates temperature and provides sensory information.
• Skeletal: Provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells. (Axial, Appendicular).
  - Axial: Skull, Sternum, Ribs, Vertebrae, Sacrum.
  - Appendicular: Supporting bones (scapula & clavicle), upper limb bones, pelvis (supporting bones plus sacrum), lower limb bones.
• Muscular: Provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, produces heat. (Axial muscles, appendicular muscles, tendons)
• Nervous: Directs immediate responses to stimuli. Provides and interprets sensory info about internal/external conditions.

    - Central: Brain, spinal cord
    - Peripheral: Peripheral nerves

• Endocrine: Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems. (pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, thymus , pancreas, adrenal gland, ovary in female, testis in male.
• Cardiovascular: Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. (heart, capillaries, artery, vein)
• Lymphatic: Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream. (Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessel)
• Respiratory: Delivers air to sites in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and bloodstream, produces sound for communication. (nasal cavity, sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lung, diaphragm.
• Digestive: Processes food and absorbs nutrients. (Salivary gland, mouth, teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine, anus.
• Urinary: Excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced. (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra)
• Male Reproductive: Produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones. (prostate gland, seminal gland, ductus deferens, urethra, epididymis, testis, penis, scrotum
• Female Reproductive: Produces female sex cells (oocytes, or immature eggs) and hormones, supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth.

Question 4

Define Physiology

Answer 4

Study of the functions of the human body. (cell, special, systemic, pathological)

Question 5

What is homeostasis? Why is it important?

Answer 5

The existence of a stable internal environment within the body. Every living organism with maintain homeostasis to survive.

Question 6

Explain the concept of feedback mechanisms in homeostatic regulation.

Answer 6

Feedback mechanisms are used to deal with stress or anything that disrupts homeostasis.

Question 7

Explain:

• Negative feedback & give examples
• Positive feedback & give examples

Answer 7

• Negative feedback: regardless of whether the stimulus rises or falls at the receptor, a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation.

EX (Negative Feedback): body temp rises, this info affects control center, sends signal to blood vessels and sweat glands in skin, responds with increased blood flow to skin (increased sweating) which decreased body temp to restore homeostasis.

• Positive feedback: an initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus.

EX (Positive Feedback): Damage to cells in the blood vessel wall releases chemicals that begin the process of blood clotting. The chemicals start chain reactions in which cells, cell fragments and dissolved proteins in the blood start to form a clot. *As clotting continues, each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the process. This patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding.

Question 8

Be able to apply the concepts of homeostasis and feedback mechanism to situations
that normally occur in the body (e.g. “What would happen if…”)

Question 9

Understand the definition of specific anatomical terminology based upon analysis of
the root term, prefix and suffix associated with the word (lab exercise 1).

Question 10

Use the following anatomical Landmarks (noun) & regions (adjective) of the body
appropriately and in place of the common body terms:

Cephalon (cephalic)
Cranium (cranial)
Gluteus (gluteal)
Oris (oral)
Inguen (inguinal)
Cervicis (cervical)
Pubis (pubic)
Thoracis/thorax (thoracic) (note: also relates to vertebrae)
Abdomen (abdominal)
Femur (femoral)**
Umbilicus (umbilical)
Patella (patellar)**
Lumbus/Loin (lumbar)
Popliteus (popliteal)**
Pelvis (pelvic)
Crus (crural)**
Acromion (acromial)*
Sura (sural )**
Axilla (axillary)*
Tarsus (tarsal)**
Brachium (brachial)*
Calcaneus (calcaneal)**
Antecubitis (antecubital)*
Pes (pedal)**
Olecranon (olecranal)*
Planta (plantar)**
Antebrachium (antebrachial)*
Digits/Phalanges (digital/phalangeal)**
Carpus (carpal)*
Hallux**
Manus* (** indicates parts of lower extremity)
Palm (palmar /volar)*
Digits/Phalanges (digital/phalangeal)*
Pollex*
(* indicates parts of upper extremity)

Question 11

Describe the human anatomical position and its importance in clinical settings.

Answer 11

An anatomical reference position, the body viewed from the anterior surface with the palms facing forward; supine when face up and prone when face down. It is used to describe general areas of interest or injury and to determine more specific areas of the body and their position in relation to other areas.

Question 12

Define and use the following appropriate directional terms appropriately:
superior (cephalic/cranial)
inferior (caudal)
anterior
ventral
posterior
dorsal
proximal
distal
lateral
medial
superficial
deep
ipsilateral
contralateral
prone
supine

Question 13

Identify the common body planes & sections
Longitudinal
Sagittal
Midsagittal
Coronal/Frontal
Transverse (Cross section)

Question 14

Describe the location of the main body cavities and know the major organs which lie
within them:
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic
Pleural
Mediastinum
Pericardial
Abdominopelvic
Abdominal
Pelvic

Question 15

Understand and utilize the metric system of measurement, including the appropriate
standard units and values of common metric prefixes.

Question 16

Convert numerical values within the metric system (e.g. 50mm = _____ cm)