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A&P I Exam 1 > Ch 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Phsiology > Flashcards

Ch 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Phsiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of form/structure

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2
Q

gross/ macroscopic

A

structures visible without a microscope

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3
Q

surface

A

general form and superficial markings

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4
Q

systemic

A

structure of organ systems

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5
Q

pathological

A

abnormal or diseased cells/ tissues/ organs

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6
Q

regional

A

body regions

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7
Q

cytology

A

microscopic/ cells

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8
Q

histology

A

microscopic/ tissues

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9
Q

developmental

A

embryonic/ fetal

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10
Q

ultrastructure

A

study of body structures down to the molecular level, using an electron microscope

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11
Q

radiographic/ medical imaging

A

study of internal body structures using imaging

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12
Q

Radiography:

A

use of x-rays which are high energy and can penetrate soft tissues,
can lead to mutations which can lead to cancer and birth defects
used in dentistry, diagnosis of fractures and examination of the chest

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13
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan

A

patient is moved through a ring shaped machine that emits low insensitivity x rays on one side and receives them with a detector on the other side
a computer then analyzes the signals from the detector
used in identifying tumors, aneurysms, cerebral hemorrhages, and kidney stones

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14
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

An injection of radioactively labeled glucose which emits positrons
These positrons collide with electrons and a pair of gamma rays is emitted which can be detected by sensors and analyzed by a computer
The computer displays a color image that shows which tissues were using the most or least glucose at the moment
Used to assess the metabolic state of a tissue and to distinguish which tissue is most active at a given time
Can diagnose the extent of heart tissue damage, diagnosis of cancer and tumor status

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15
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Patient is placed in a cylindrical chamber surrounded by a large electromagnet that creates a very strong magnetic field
Hydrogen atoms in the tissues align themselves with the magnetic field
Technologist turns on a field of radio waves which causes the hydrogen atoms to absorb additional energy and to align in a different direction
A computer analyzes the emitted energy to produce and image of the body
Can be used to see through the skull and vertebral column to see images of nervous tissue

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16
Q

Sonography

A

A hand help device is held firmly to the skin produces high frequency ultrasound waves and receives the signals that echo back from internal organs
Useful I’m obstetrics but not useful in examining bones or lungs

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17
Q

Physiology

A 
The Study of function 
Feedback mechanisms (negative and positive )
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18
Q

Negative feedback mechanism

A

Body reverses the stimulus (change) as quickly as possible to maintain homeostasis or equilibrium,
More common type of feedback mechanism

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19
Q

Temperature regulation

A

Negative feedback mechanism

  1. Increase in body temperature (stimulus)
  2. Sensed by thermoreceptors
  3. Thermoreceptors send message to hypothalamus (regulator)
  4. Hypothalamus sends message to targets (effectors) such as sweat glands to cause sweating
  5. Person sweats; causes decrease in body temperature back to nor,al (have reversed the stimulus )
20
Q

Hormone regulation

A

Negative feedback mechanism
If an endocrine gland hyper secretes it’s hormone the body tries to inhibit it
If an endocrine gland hypo-secretes its hormone the body tries to stimulate it

21
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

body allows the stimulus (change) to continue and intensify until the desired result is achieved

22
Q

Labor and Childbirth

+ feedback

A

uterine contractions begin, and dilation of cervix begins (stimulus)
uterine contractions continue, become stronger, and more frequent; dilation of cervix continues
birth of baby
uterine contractions stop; dilation of cervix stops
whole process under control of oxytocin (pituitary hormone)

23
Q

Blood Clotting

+ feedback

A

the body continues to produce enough fibrin to plug up damaged blood vessel

24
Q

What is the hierarchy of the human structure from most complex to least complex?

A 
Organism
Organ system
organ
tissue
cell
organelle 
molecule 
atom
25
Q

Organism

A

single, complete individual

26
Q

Organ System

A

group of organs with a unique collective function

27
Q

organ

A

structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

28
Q

tissue

A

a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a particular region of an organ and performs a specific function

29
Q

cell

A

smallest unit of the organism that carries out all the basic functions of life

30
Q

organelle

A

microscopic structure in a cell that carry out its individual functions

31
Q

molecule

A

building block of the organelle and other cellular components

32
Q

atom

A

smallest particle that has unique chemical identities

33
Q

organization

A

living organisms are highly organized and expend a great deal of energy to maintain this order; a breakdown in this order can lead to disease and even death

34
Q

cellular composition

A

living organisms are compartmentalized into one or more cells

35
Q

metabolism

A

living organisms take in molecules and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them with energy; is the sum of all of this internal chemical change; consists of two classes of reactions

36
Q

anabolism

A

the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones

37
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones

38
Q

responsiveness

A

the ability of an organism to sense and respond to stimuli (changes in their environment)

39
Q

movement

A

most living organisms are capable of self-propelled movement from place to place; or capable of moving substances internally (from one organelle to another; or within an organ system, i.e. digestive tract)

40
Q

homeostasis

A

the ability to maintain stable internal conditions

41
Q

development

A

hange in form or function that occurs during the lifetime of the organism; it involves two major processes

42
Q

differentiation

A

the transformation of cells with no specialize function into cells that are committed to a particular task;

43
Q

growth

A

an increase in size and/or cell number)

44
Q

reproduction

A

the production of a copy of itself; and the passage of genes to offspring

45
Q

evolution

A

genetic change that can be passed along from generation to generation; can be due to genetic mutation of the DNA; does not occur within the lifetime of the organism

A&P I Exam 1 (7 decks)

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