Ch 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Phsiology Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of form/structure
gross/ macroscopic
structures visible without a microscope
surface
general form and superficial markings
systemic
structure of organ systems
pathological
abnormal or diseased cells/ tissues/ organs
regional
body regions
cytology
microscopic/ cells
histology
microscopic/ tissues
developmental
embryonic/ fetal
ultrastructure
study of body structures down to the molecular level, using an electron microscope
radiographic/ medical imaging
study of internal body structures using imaging
Radiography:
use of x-rays which are high energy and can penetrate soft tissues,
can lead to mutations which can lead to cancer and birth defects
used in dentistry, diagnosis of fractures and examination of the chest
Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan
patient is moved through a ring shaped machine that emits low insensitivity x rays on one side and receives them with a detector on the other side
a computer then analyzes the signals from the detector
used in identifying tumors, aneurysms, cerebral hemorrhages, and kidney stones
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
An injection of radioactively labeled glucose which emits positrons
These positrons collide with electrons and a pair of gamma rays is emitted which can be detected by sensors and analyzed by a computer
The computer displays a color image that shows which tissues were using the most or least glucose at the moment
Used to assess the metabolic state of a tissue and to distinguish which tissue is most active at a given time
Can diagnose the extent of heart tissue damage, diagnosis of cancer and tumor status
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Patient is placed in a cylindrical chamber surrounded by a large electromagnet that creates a very strong magnetic field
Hydrogen atoms in the tissues align themselves with the magnetic field
Technologist turns on a field of radio waves which causes the hydrogen atoms to absorb additional energy and to align in a different direction
A computer analyzes the emitted energy to produce and image of the body
Can be used to see through the skull and vertebral column to see images of nervous tissue
Sonography
A hand help device is held firmly to the skin produces high frequency ultrasound waves and receives the signals that echo back from internal organs
Useful I’m obstetrics but not useful in examining bones or lungs
Physiology
The Study of function Feedback mechanisms (negative and positive )
Negative feedback mechanism
Body reverses the stimulus (change) as quickly as possible to maintain homeostasis or equilibrium,
More common type of feedback mechanism
Temperature regulation
Negative feedback mechanism
- Increase in body temperature (stimulus)
- Sensed by thermoreceptors
- Thermoreceptors send message to hypothalamus (regulator)
- Hypothalamus sends message to targets (effectors) such as sweat glands to cause sweating
- Person sweats; causes decrease in body temperature back to nor,al (have reversed the stimulus )
Hormone regulation
Negative feedback mechanism
If an endocrine gland hyper secretes it’s hormone the body tries to inhibit it
If an endocrine gland hypo-secretes its hormone the body tries to stimulate it
Positive Feedback Mechanism
body allows the stimulus (change) to continue and intensify until the desired result is achieved
Labor and Childbirth
+ feedback
uterine contractions begin, and dilation of cervix begins (stimulus)
uterine contractions continue, become stronger, and more frequent; dilation of cervix continues
birth of baby
uterine contractions stop; dilation of cervix stops
whole process under control of oxytocin (pituitary hormone)
Blood Clotting
+ feedback
the body continues to produce enough fibrin to plug up damaged blood vessel
What is the hierarchy of the human structure from most complex to least complex?
Organism Organ system organ tissue cell organelle molecule atom
Organism
single, complete individual
Organ System
group of organs with a unique collective function
organ
structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
tissue
a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a particular region of an organ and performs a specific function
cell
smallest unit of the organism that carries out all the basic functions of life
organelle
microscopic structure in a cell that carry out its individual functions
molecule
building block of the organelle and other cellular components
atom
smallest particle that has unique chemical identities
organization
living organisms are highly organized and expend a great deal of energy to maintain this order; a breakdown in this order can lead to disease and even death
cellular composition
living organisms are compartmentalized into one or more cells
metabolism
living organisms take in molecules and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them with energy; is the sum of all of this internal chemical change; consists of two classes of reactions
anabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones
catabolism
the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones
responsiveness
the ability of an organism to sense and respond to stimuli (changes in their environment)
movement
most living organisms are capable of self-propelled movement from place to place; or capable of moving substances internally (from one organelle to another; or within an organ system, i.e. digestive tract)
homeostasis
the ability to maintain stable internal conditions
development
hange in form or function that occurs during the lifetime of the organism; it involves two major processes
differentiation
the transformation of cells with no specialize function into cells that are committed to a particular task;
growth
an increase in size and/or cell number)
reproduction
the production of a copy of itself; and the passage of genes to offspring
evolution
genetic change that can be passed along from generation to generation; can be due to genetic mutation of the DNA; does not occur within the lifetime of the organism
