CH 1 Introduction Flashcards
What term describes the collections of observations, such as measurements, or survey responses?
Data
What is the science of planning studies and experiments; obtaining data; and organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting those data and then drawing conclusions based on them?
Statistics
What term describes the complete collection of all measurements or data that are being considered?
Population
What term is the collection of data from every member of a population?
Census
What term describes a sub-collection of members selected from a population?
Sample
What are the three major processes involved in a statistical study?
Prepare
Analyze
Conclude
What should be considered when looking at a statistical studies preparation?
Context
Source of the Data
Sampling method
What should be completed during the Analyze process of a statistical study?
Graph data
Explore data
Apply statistical methods
What is achieved in a study when we get a result that is very unlikely to occur by chance?
Statistical Significance
Statistical significance is achieved when the likelihood of an event occurring by chance is ____
5% or less
What term describes a treatment or finding that is effective, but common sense suggest that the treatment or finding does not make enough of a difference to justify its use?
Practical Significance
List potential pitfalls in analyzing data:
Misleading conclusions Sample data reported instead of measured Loaded questions Order of questions Nonresponse Percentages
What term describes a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population?
parameter
What is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample?
Statistic
What type of data consists of numbers representing counts or measurements?
Quantitative data
What type of data consists of names or labels?
Categorical data
What two types of data can quantitative data be further divided into?
Discrete and continuous
What type of data is the result when data values are quantitative and the number of values is finite or countable?
Discrete
What type of data results from infinitely many possible quantitative values, where the collection of values is not countable?
Continuuous
Counting the number of tosses of a coin before getting tails is what type of data?
Discrete
a scale, such as the lengths of distances from 0cm to 12cm is what type of data?
Continuous
What are the four units of measurement?
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
What level of measurement is characterized by data that consists of names, labels, or categories only?
Nominal
What level of measurement would “Yes/No/Undecided” survey responses be an example of?
Nominal level
What level of measurement is used in data that can be arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless?
Ordinal level
What level of measurement is the example of letter grades assigned for a course?
Ordinal level
What level of measurement provides information about relative comparisons but not the magnitudes of the difference?
Ordinal data
What level of measurement can be arranged in order, and differences between data values can be found and are meaningful; but data does not have natural zero starting points?
Interval level
Body temperatures and Years are examples that illustrate what level of measurement?
Interval
0 degrees and 0 years are arbitrary
What level of measurement can be arranged in order, differences can be found and are meaningful, and there is a natural zero starting point?
Ratio level
What is called the gold standard of study design?
Randomization with placebo/treatment groups
What term describes when we apply some treatment and then proceed to observe its effects on the individuals?
experiment
What are the individuals in experiments called?
Experimental units
What term describes when we observe and measure specific characteristics, but we don’t attempt to modify the individuals being studied?
Observational studies
What term describes a variable that affects the variables included in the study, but it is not included in the study?
Lurking variable
What is included in good design of experiments?
Replication, blinding, and randomization
What term describes when subjects respond differently, simply because they are part of an experiment?
Hawthorne Effect
What term describes when a researcher or experimenter unintentionally influences subjects through such factors as facial expressions, tone of voice or attitude?
Rosenthal Effect
What type of sampling occurs when a sample of n subjects is selected in such a way that every possible sample of the same size n has the same chance of being chosen?
simple random sample
What type of sampling occurs when we select some starting point and then select every kth (such as every 50th) element in the population?
Systemic sampling
What type of sampling occurs when we simply use data that are very easy to get?
convenience sampling
What type of sampling occurs when we subdivide the population into at least two different subgroups so that the subjects within the same subgroup share the same characteristics. Then we draw a sample from each subgroup?
Stratified sampling
What type of sampling occurs when we first divide the population area into sections. Then we randomly select some of those clusters and choose all the members from those selected clusters?
cluster sampling
What term describes when researchers collect sample data in different stages and each stage might use different methods of sampling?
multistage sampling
What term describes a study where data are observed, measured, and collected at one point in time, not over a period of time?
cross-sectional study
What term describes a study where data are collected from a past time period by going back in time?
retrospective study
What term describes a study where data are collected in the future from groups that share common factors?
Prospective (or longitudinal or cohort) study
What are three types of observational studies?
Cross sectional
Retrospective
Prospective
What occurs in a study when we can see some effect but we can’t identify the specific factor that caused it?
confounding
What are the experiment designs?
Completely Randomized
Randomized block design
Matched Pairs
Rigorously Controlled Design
What type of sampling error occurs when the sample has been selected with a random method, but there is a discrepancy between a sample result and the true population result; such as error results form chance sample fluctuations?
sampling error
What type of error occurs as the result of human error; including such factors as wrong data entries, computing errors, and questions with biased wording?
nonsampling error
What type of error is the result of using a sampling method that is not random, such as using a convenience sample?
nonrandom sample
