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(Nate Class) CHs overview > CH 1 Intro to Pharmacology > Flashcards

CH 1 Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs, or medicine, are substances that change the way a ____

A

living organism functions

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2
Q

Pharmacology

A

how drugs affect the body and
how it responds

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3
Q

Goal of drug therapy is to

A

cure, control, or relieve
a specific disease or medical condition

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4
Q

Pharmacological effect is a drug’s action on a…

A

living system

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5
Q

Therapeutic drugs are used to

A

treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or medical condition
Example: using an antibiotic to treat a skin infection

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6
Q

Prophylaxis
Prophylactic drugs are used to

A

prevent a disease or medical condition

Example: getting annual influenza vaccine to mitigate symptoms and prevent hospitalizations

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7
Q

Drugs sources

A

Plants, fungi, animals, minerals, chemicals, or (rDNA) recombinant DNA

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8
Q

Agonist is a drug that

A

activates and binds to receptors causing a response

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9
Q

Antagonist is a drug that

A

anti-activates the action of other drugs

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10
Q

Drugs can be embedded within cell membranes as related to their

A

lipid solubility

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11
Q

Pharmacokinetics how the body

A

how the body affects the drug

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12
Q

Pharmacokinetics describes the activity of a drug within the body over a period of time and is described through four processes…

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

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13
Q

Absorption is a process whereby

A

unmetabolized drug travels from the site of administration and enters the circulatory system

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14
Q

primary site of absorption is…

A

The small intestine

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15
Q

Factors that can affect absorption

5 factors

A

Drug and food interactions (ex: grapefruit juice)

Drug solubility (ex:Lipid vs water soluble)

Route of administration (ex: po vs IV)

Drug formulations (ex:tab vs liquids vs size)

Gastric emptying (ex: Faster gastric emptying increases absorption rate)

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16
Q

Distribution is a process by which a drug …

A

moves from the blood into other body fluids and tissues and ultimately to its sites of action

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17
Q

Factors that can affect distribution

b.l.a.b.

A

Blood-brain barrier

Lipophilicity

Acid-base characteristics

Binding to plasma proteins & cellular constituents

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18
Q

Metabolism is a process by which food/drugs are

A

chemically converted to other biochemical compounds and then excreted through metabolic pathways

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19
Q

Primary site of metabolism is the

A

liver

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20
Q

other sites of metabolism include the

A

gastrointestinal tract, lungs, kidneys, and plasma

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21
Q

Prodrugs

A

meds that must be metabolized first to become therapeutically active

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22
Q

Most drugs do not require metabolism to become therapeutically active

True of False

A

TRUE

23
Q

Induction

A

An increase in the amount of an enzyme available to metabolize a drug

caused by drugs, food, or smoking

Can increase or decrease the pharmacological response to other drugs or themselves

24
Q

Inhibition

A

A decrease in the amount of an enzyme available to metabolize a drug

May cause an increase in concentration of other drugs leading to toxic pharmacological effects

25
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

a drug blocks enzyme activity and impairs the metabolism of another drug

Can be overcome by increasing the dose

26
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition

A

drug completely blocks enzyme activity and impairs the metabolism of another drug

Cannot be overcome by increasing the dose

27
Q

Factors that can affect metabolism
d.a.m.g

A

Disease states (liver failure or cirrhosis

Age

Medications and drug interactions (inducers vs inhibitors)

Genetics (slow vs rapid metabolizers)

28
Q

Elimination

A

removal of a drug or its metabolites from the body

29
Q

Primary site of Elimination is

A

through the kidneys in the form of urine or through feces

30
Q

Additional routes of elimination are

A

Liver, feces, saliva, perspiration/sweat, exhalation, or breast milk

31
Q

Factors that can affect Elimination
k.a.d.

A

Kidney disease/infection

Age/genetics

Drug properties including size, polarity, pH, and solubility

32
Q

Dose-Response Curve

A

relationship between the amount of drug administered (dose) and therapeutic effect (response)

33
Q

Ceiling effect

A

Point where additional doses will not improve clinical response or adverse effects outweigh beneficial effects

34
Q

First pass metabolism

A

A portion of the drug is metabolized before reaching systemic circulation

IV admin meds aren’t affected as they are directly into bloodstream

35
Q

Therapeutic range

A

range that yields beneficial effects with least probability of causing toxicity

36
Q

Therapeutic level –

A

within the therapeutic range

37
Q

Underdosing

A

below therapeutic range

exerts suboptimal or no pharmacological effect

38
Q

Overdosing

A

above therapeutic range

adverse effects, toxicity, or possibly death can occur

39
Q

Loading dose

A

larger initial dose to help to achieve therapeutic concentrations rapidly

40
Q

Maintenance dose

A

dose to maintain therapeutic concentrations

41
Q

Half life (t ½)

A

Time it takes for the concentration of a substance to decrease by half

Longer half-lives imply longer duration of action and longer dosing frequencies

42
Q

Local Effect

A

effect to a specific part of the body

43
Q

Systemic Effect

A

effect on entire body

44
Q

Drug dependence

A

Physiological or psychological adaptation to a drug and cannot function without it

45
Q

Addiction

A

Perceived need to use a drug to attain psychological and physical effects of euphoric or mood altering substances

46
Q

Drug abuse

A

Use of drugs for purposes other than those prescribed and / or in amounts that were not directed
Can be linked to addiction (but not always)

47
Q

Tolerance

A

Decrease in response to the effects of a drug with continued administration

48
Q

Drug Interactions
4 ‘s.h.a.f.’

A

smoking
herbal supplements
alcohol
Food

49
Q

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

A

Herbal and dietary supplements
Homeopathy
Acupuncture

50
Q

Potentiation

A

when a drug increases the action of another drug, and the effect is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug used alone

51
Q

Synergism

A

joint action of drugs in which their combined effect is more intense or longer in duration than individually

52
Q

Antagonism

A

The action of one drug negates the action of a second drug

53
Q

Addition

A

the combined effect of two drugs is equal to each drug taken alone

(Nate Class) CHs overview (5 decks)

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