Ch 1 Intro to Immune System

Question 1

Immunology

Answer 1

Study of a host’s reactions to foreign substances introduced into the body

Question 2

Antigens

Answer 2

Foreign substances that induce a host response (S. aureus, Group A Strep)

Question 3

Edward Jenner

Answer 3

1700s, Smallpox vaccine from Cowpox

Question 4

Dr. Louis Pasteur

Answer 4

1800s, Father of immunology, vaccines

Question 5

Attenuation

Answer 5

Change, make pathogen less virulent through heat, ageing, or chemical means

Question 6

Humoral Immunity

Answer 6

noncellular portions of blood (antibodies) neutralise toxins

Question 7

Opsonins

Answer 7

humoral/circulating factors, coats bacteria and neutralises charge to become more susceptible to phagocytosis

Question 8

Antibodies

Answer 8

serum proteins produced by B cells when exposed to a foreign substance and react specifically with it

Question 9

Acute-phase reactants (APR)

Answer 9

serum factor (inflammation marker) that increases nonspecifically in any infection

Question 10

Innate/Natural Immunity

Answer 10

individual’s ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions, nonadaptive/nonspecific, same for all pathogens when exposed

Question 11

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 11

characterised by specificity for each individual pathogen/microbial agent and ability to remember prior exposure

Question 12

Marginating

Answer 12

50% of neutrophils in peripheral blood adhere to blood vessel walls, allows diapedesis

Question 13

Diapedesis

Answer 13

movement through blood vessel walls from circulating blood

Question 14

Chemotaxins

Answer 14

chemical messengers cause cells to migrate in particular direction for diapdesis

Question 15

Alveolar macrophages, Kupffer cells, microglial cells, histiocytes

Answer 15

lungs, liver macrophage, brain macrophage, connective tissue macrophage

Question 16

Macrophages

Answer 16

innate - phagocytosis/tumor/parasite, adaptive - present antigens to T cells

Question 17

Mast cells

Answer 17

Skin/connective tissues, increase vascular permeability and blood flow, induce and maintain allergy, antigen presenting cell (APC), conduit between innate and adaptive, resemble basophils

Question 18

Dendritic Cells

Answer 18

most potent phagocytic cell, most effective APC, captures antigen and travel to lymph node to present to T cell for adaptive immunity

Question 19

Clusters of Differentiation (CD)

Answer 19

antibodies reacting similarly with standard cell lines

Question 20

B Cells (humoral)

Answer 20

BM->secondary organs, possesses antibody receptors for specific antigens, IgM/IgD, CD19-21, 10-20% lymphocytes

Question 21

Plasma Cells

Answer 21

Most fully differentiated B lymph, antibody production, BM/germinal centers in peripheral lymphoid organs/not in blood, abundant cytoplasmic Ig/no surface Ig

Question 22

T cells

Answer 22

Produce cytokines to stimulate B cells, kill tumor/virus, regulate innate/adaptive response

Question 23

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 23

immune processes in which T cells have primary role (no antibodies)

Question 24

Helper T Cell (Th)

Answer 24

CD4, help B cell antibody production, adaptive

Question 25

Cytotoxic T Cell (Tc)

Answer 25

CD8, kill virally infected and tumor cells

Question 26

Regulatory T Cell (Treg)

Answer 26

CD4, control actions of other T cells

Question 27

Natural Killer Cell (Innate)

Answer 27

CD16/56, mature in BM, no antigen specific receptors/no myeloid and dendritic cell markers (Kill target cells with no former exposure)

Question 28

Secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 28

lymphopoiesis occurs here, most contact with foreign antigens,

Question 29

Thoracic duct

Answer 29

largest lymphatic vessel, empties to left subclavian vein

Question 30

Periartierior lymphoid sheath PALS (Spleen)

Answer 30

Part of white pulp surround central arteries, T cells presented with antigens from dendritic cells

Question 31

Primary follicles (Spleen/Lymph node)

Answer 31

contains B cells not yet stimulated by antigens, attached to PALS sheath

Question 32

Marginal Zone (Spleen)

Answer 32

contains dendritic cells that trap antigens, surrounds PALS

Question 33

Lymph nodes

Answer 33

central collecting point for lymph fluid (filtrate of blood)

Question 34

Outer Cortex (Lymph node)

Answer 34

outermost layer, contains macrophages and B cells in primary follicles

Question 35

Paracortex (Lymph node)

Answer 35

Mature/immature T cell area surrounding medulla

Question 36

Inner Medulla (Lymph node)

Answer 36

contains plasma cells, some T/B/macrophages

Question 37

Afferent Lymphatic Vessels

Answer 37

where lymphocytes and foreign antigens enter nodes

Question 38

Secondary Follicles/Germinal Center (Lymph)

Answer 38

consists of antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells/interior of secondary follicle (B cell transformation)

Question 39

Memory cells (Lymph)

Answer 39

ability for immune system to react quicker to past foreign antigens (develops into plasma cells), dormant B cell in germinal center