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Pharmacognosy > Ch 1 Intro > Flashcards

Ch 1 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacognosy origin and their meaning

A

Pharmakon: drug or poison
Gnosis: acquire knowledge or literally means entire knowledge of drug

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2
Q

Pharmacognosy is a study of what?

A

drugs from plant and animal kingdoms and their natural derivatives.

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3
Q

The subject of pharmacognosy branches out to give

A

Pharmacy
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapy

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4
Q

Pharmacy deals with

A

testing, storage, stability and the conversion of crude drugs into suitable medical forms as tablets, syrups,
etc.

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5
Q

Pharmacodynamics deals with

A

concerned with the action of drugs upon human beings or animal.

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6
Q

dynamic meaning

A

forces

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7
Q

Pharmacotherapy deals with

A

the use of drugs in the treatment of diseases

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8
Q

what branches are designated to pharmacology

A

Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacodynamics

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9
Q

Pharmacognosy does not include the study of what type of drugs

A

synthetic

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10
Q

what methods from other subjects does Pharmacognosy utilize

A

Medicinal Chemistry and/or
Pharmacology methods

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11
Q

objectives of a pharmacognosist

A
  1. Identification of the source of the materials forming the drug.
  2. Determination of its morphological characters.
  3. Investigation of drug potency and purity from adulterations.
  4. Thinking about the cultivation of important and rare medical plants as well as the methodology of collection and preparation
  5. Characterization of the pharmacology of crude extracts & active constituents
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12
Q

what became clear in the early 19th century regarding pharmacognosy

A

pharmaceutical properties of plants are due to specific molecules that can be separated and elucidated.

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13
Q

what did early pharmacy deal with

A

which dealt mainly with plants but also with minerals, animals and fungi.

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14
Q

what is phytochemistry

A

research on plant chemistry

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15
Q

Ancient Egyptian plants used as drugs

A

Aloes, Gum, Myrrh, Poppy, Pomegranate, Colocynth, Linseed, Squill, Coriander, Onion, Anise, Melon, Castor

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16
Q

Ancient Egyptian time period

A

3000 B.C

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17
Q

first recorded prescriptions were found where and what were they called

A

in Egyptian tombs. These were the hieratic papyri, Ebers papyrus and the Gynecologic papyrus.

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18
Q

The Babylonian medicine was known as and the time period

A

Laws of Hamorabi 772 B.C

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19
Q

quantity of materials used in Babylonian medicine

A

250 materials of plant, and 180 materials of animal source

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20
Q

The Ayurveda period

A

Acoko 2000 B.C

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21
Q

who collected plants in The Ayurveda

A

only by an innocent, pure,
religious person.

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22
Q

The Pen Tsao Kang Moa 1000 B.C. contained what

A

incredible number of
medicinal plants and drugs of animal origin.

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23
Q

what did Pythagoras (560 B.C.) use as drugs

A

Mustard and Squill

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24
Q

who was galen

A

a physician and to him is ascribed the use of
“Galenical preparations”.

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25
Q

where were the first beginnings of chemistry found

A

Islamic writings

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26
Q

the word chemistrys origin

A

derived from an Arabic word “Kemia”.

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27
Q

first dispensary was opened where and what was it made of

A

Baghdad, the dispensary was made of Sandal wood and named “Sandalia”. Rhazey (850-932 A.C.)

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28
Q

what has been described as the most famous medical text ever written

A

“Canoon Fi Elteb” by Ibn-Sina

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29
Q

who was the best Arabian pharmacognosist and botanist.

A

Ibn Al-Baitar

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30
Q

Sources of Crude Drugs from plants

A

Senna

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31
Q

Sources of Crude Drugs from animals

A

Honey

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32
Q

Sources of Crude Drugs from the marine

A

sponge

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33
Q

Sources of Crude Drugs from minerals

A

talc

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34
Q

Origin of plant

A

including biological and geographical sources, history and name of the drug.

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35
Q

Cultivation and preparation of drug

A

details of cultivation methods, collection, drying, packing and other treatment of the drug during its preparation for the market.

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36
Q

character of the plant

A

including the physical characters such as dimensions, surface characters, fracture and the sensory characters such as color,

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37
Q

odor and taste of plant

A

The histological characters as micro & macro morphological properties.

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38
Q

Adulterants meaning

A

materials added to main drug in order to increase the weight and matter, which has become associated with the drug owing to carelessness in handling during collection, preparation, packing and transport

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39
Q

how are Official and Unofficial Drugs classified

A

OFFICIAL DRUG: is one that is listed and described as being a definite
therapeutic agent in the pharmacopoeia.

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40
Q

when a drug is recorded in the pharmacopeia what information is needed

A
  1. The official origin
  2. Category of the drug
  3. Definition and description of the drug
  4. Identity test
  5. Test for adulteration
    6.Methods of assay
  6. Packaging and storage requirements
  7. Amount of foreign material
  8. Collection
  9. Preparation
  10. Dose
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41
Q

Classification of drugs

A

the drugs are arranged in an alphabetical order.

42
Q

Taxonomic way of classifying drugs

A

using one of the accepted systems of botanical classification; the drugs are according to the plants from which they are obtained in phyla, orders, families. Genera and species.

43
Q

Morphological way of classifying plants

A

dividing the drugs into groups e.g. leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds

44
Q

Chemical classifications of plants

A

Alkaloids
Glycosides
Tannins
Lipids

45
Q

what are alkaloids

A

they are basic, contain one or more nitrogen atoms and they usually have a marked physiological action on man or animal.

46
Q

Classes of alkaloids

A

Amine
Pyridine and piperidine
Quinoline
Isoquinoline
Indole
Tropane

47
Q

example of Amine

A

ephedrine in ephedra

48
Q

example of Pyridine and piperidine

A

as lobeline in lobelia

49
Q

example of Quinoline

A

cinchonine in cinchona

50
Q

example of Isoquinoline

A

as opium in papaver

51
Q

example of Indole

A

as strychnine in nux-vomica

52
Q

example of Tropane

A

as belladonine in belladonna

53
Q

what are Glycosides

A

organic compounds which hydrolyzed by acids or by special enzymes

54
Q

what chemical group covered the essential part of the active constituents in the medical plants also the most of the physiological effects

A

glycosides

55
Q

what do glycosides produce after being hydrolyzed by acids or by special enzymes

A

One type or more of sugars
One type or more of non- sugar compounds.

56
Q

what is the sugar part usually in glycosides

A

the glycon is in the form of -glucose

57
Q

what other types of sugars can the glycon of a glycoside be

A

rhamnose and digitoxose.

58
Q

what is the non sugar part of the glycoside called

A

glycone or genin

59
Q

how are glycosides classified

A

into groups upon the chemical composition of non-sugar part which produced after hydrolysis of glycosides

60
Q

Classes of glycosides:

A

Steroidal glycosides
Anthraquinone glycosides
Flavonoid glycosides
Thioglycosides (sulphur)
Phenolic glycosides
Alcoholic glycosides
Naphthaquinone glycosides

61
Q

which glycoside is the most important medically

A

Steroidal glycosides: This group is the most important groups medically due to their effect on the heart as cardiotonic

62
Q

what Steroidal glycosides contain

A

digitoxin and their family
found in the leaves of Digitalis plant

63
Q

what is digitoxin used for

A

used as muscle heart tonic and regulate their beats

64
Q

another name for steroidal glycosides

A

cardiotonic glycosides.

65
Q

most important sugars in steroidal glycosides

A

glucose, rhamnose, digitoxose and cymarose

66
Q

example of de-oxysugars.

A

digitoxose and cymarose

67
Q

Anthraquinone glycosides affect

A

laxative action and called laxative glycosides

68
Q

what anthraquinone derivatives don’t have laxative affect and what can it cause

A

The anthraquinone derivatives which not connect with sugars has no laxative action and causes some gastric pains(spasm]

69
Q

The most important glycosides belonging to Anthraquinone glycosides

A

cascarosides A,B,C&D
emodin glycoside

70
Q

emodin glycoside found where

A

occur in the bark of frangula plant

71
Q

cascarosides A,B,C&D found where

A

bark of cascara plant

72
Q

what are Flavonoid glycosides also known as and what do they produce

A

Known as chromone which produce the color

73
Q

most important Flavonoid glycosides

A

khellin

74
Q

where is khellin found

A

fruits of Ammivisnaga plant.

75
Q

example of Thioglycosides (sulphur) and where it occurs

A

inigrin occur in the seeds of Black mustard.

76
Q

where are Phenolic glycosides mostly found

A

most classes of natural compounds having aromatic units

77
Q

example of Phenolic glycosides and where they occur

A

Aspidinol which occur in the roots of Male fern plant

78
Q

example of Alcoholic glycosides and where it occurs

A

salicin which found in Salix plant

79
Q

example of Naphthaquinone glycosides and where its found

A

Lawson which found in Henna leaf plant.

80
Q

what are Tannins

A

the astringent substances
non-crystalline

81
Q

what happens when tannins are mixed with water

A

soluble in water to form colloidal solutions possessing an acid reaction and a sharp or astringent taste

82
Q

what is produced when tannins react with ferric salt

A

form dark blue or greenish black solution

83
Q

what is mixed with tannins to produce a deep red

A

k-ferricyanide and ammonia

84
Q

what groups of tannins are responsible for their astringent and antiseptic actions

A

phenelic groups

85
Q

The classification of tannins is based on what

A

upon colors obtained with iron salts

86
Q

how can a green color be produced with tannins

A

in the presence of catechol with ferric iron

87
Q

how can a blue color be produced with tannins

A

presence of pyrogallol

88
Q

Functions of tannins to humans

A

Uses in the leather dying
astringent action
colors uses in the manufacturing of inks

89
Q

what happens when tannins combine with living proteins

A

leads to astringent action

90
Q

hoe can tannins stop diarrhea

A

astringent action
to the intestine

91
Q

how can tannins stop wound bleeding

A

uses in wounds and burns which leads to stop of bleeding due to astringent action in addition to antiseptic action

92
Q

example of plants containing tannins

A

he Galls, Tea and Hamamelis

93
Q

Functions of tannins to plants

A

are the source of energy which consumes from the plant during the metabolism

94
Q

where are tannins usually found in plants

A

in the specific parts as leaves or stems or barks, also occur in immature fruits but decreases in the mature fruits

95
Q

what are lipids

A

Are esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols

96
Q

where do lipids occur in

A

plants and animals that are relatively soluble in non-polar solvents as ether but insoluble in water.

97
Q

examples of simple lipids

A

fixed oils
fats
waxes

98
Q

examples of complex lipids

A

phosphatides and lecithin

99
Q

examples of complex lipids and what might they contain

A

phosphatides and lecithin
which may contain phosphorus and nitrogen in addition to C, H802.

100
Q

Types of fatty acids

A

Saturated
Unsaturated

101
Q

example of saturated fatty acids

A

stearic and palmitic acids (commonest fatty acids)

Pharmacognosy (3 decks)

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