Ch 1 Intro Flashcards
Pharmacognosy origin and their meaning
Pharmakon: drug or poison
Gnosis: acquire knowledge or literally means entire knowledge of drug
Pharmacognosy is a study of what?
drugs from plant and animal kingdoms and their natural derivatives.
The subject of pharmacognosy branches out to give
Pharmacy
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacy deals with
testing, storage, stability and the conversion of crude drugs into suitable medical forms as tablets, syrups,
etc.
Pharmacodynamics deals with
concerned with the action of drugs upon human beings or animal.
dynamic meaning
forces
Pharmacotherapy deals with
the use of drugs in the treatment of diseases
what branches are designated to pharmacology
Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacognosy does not include the study of what type of drugs
synthetic
what methods from other subjects does Pharmacognosy utilize
Medicinal Chemistry and/or
Pharmacology methods
objectives of a pharmacognosist
- Identification of the source of the materials forming the drug.
- Determination of its morphological characters.
- Investigation of drug potency and purity from adulterations.
- Thinking about the cultivation of important and rare medical plants as well as the methodology of collection and preparation
- Characterization of the pharmacology of crude extracts & active constituents
what became clear in the early 19th century regarding pharmacognosy
pharmaceutical properties of plants are due to specific molecules that can be separated and elucidated.
what did early pharmacy deal with
which dealt mainly with plants but also with minerals, animals and fungi.
what is phytochemistry
research on plant chemistry
Ancient Egyptian plants used as drugs
Aloes, Gum, Myrrh, Poppy, Pomegranate, Colocynth, Linseed, Squill, Coriander, Onion, Anise, Melon, Castor
Ancient Egyptian time period
3000 B.C
first recorded prescriptions were found where and what were they called
in Egyptian tombs. These were the hieratic papyri, Ebers papyrus and the Gynecologic papyrus.
The Babylonian medicine was known as and the time period
Laws of Hamorabi 772 B.C
quantity of materials used in Babylonian medicine
250 materials of plant, and 180 materials of animal source
The Ayurveda period
Acoko 2000 B.C
who collected plants in The Ayurveda
only by an innocent, pure,
religious person.
The Pen Tsao Kang Moa 1000 B.C. contained what
incredible number of
medicinal plants and drugs of animal origin.
what did Pythagoras (560 B.C.) use as drugs
Mustard and Squill
who was galen
a physician and to him is ascribed the use of
“Galenical preparations”.
where were the first beginnings of chemistry found
Islamic writings
the word chemistrys origin
derived from an Arabic word “Kemia”.
first dispensary was opened where and what was it made of
Baghdad, the dispensary was made of Sandal wood and named “Sandalia”. Rhazey (850-932 A.C.)
what has been described as the most famous medical text ever written
“Canoon Fi Elteb” by Ibn-Sina
who was the best Arabian pharmacognosist and botanist.
Ibn Al-Baitar
Sources of Crude Drugs from plants
Senna
Sources of Crude Drugs from animals
Honey
Sources of Crude Drugs from the marine
sponge
Sources of Crude Drugs from minerals
talc
Origin of plant
including biological and geographical sources, history and name of the drug.
Cultivation and preparation of drug
details of cultivation methods, collection, drying, packing and other treatment of the drug during its preparation for the market.
character of the plant
including the physical characters such as dimensions, surface characters, fracture and the sensory characters such as color,
odor and taste of plant
The histological characters as micro & macro morphological properties.
Adulterants meaning
materials added to main drug in order to increase the weight and matter, which has become associated with the drug owing to carelessness in handling during collection, preparation, packing and transport
how are Official and Unofficial Drugs classified
OFFICIAL DRUG: is one that is listed and described as being a definite
therapeutic agent in the pharmacopoeia.
when a drug is recorded in the pharmacopeia what information is needed
- The official origin
- Category of the drug
- Definition and description of the drug
- Identity test
- Test for adulteration
6.Methods of assay - Packaging and storage requirements
- Amount of foreign material
- Collection
- Preparation
- Dose
Classification of drugs
the drugs are arranged in an alphabetical order.
Taxonomic way of classifying drugs
using one of the accepted systems of botanical classification; the drugs are according to the plants from which they are obtained in phyla, orders, families. Genera and species.
Morphological way of classifying plants
dividing the drugs into groups e.g. leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds
Chemical classifications of plants
Alkaloids
Glycosides
Tannins
Lipids
what are alkaloids
they are basic, contain one or more nitrogen atoms and they usually have a marked physiological action on man or animal.
Classes of alkaloids
Amine
Pyridine and piperidine
Quinoline
Isoquinoline
Indole
Tropane
example of Amine
ephedrine in ephedra
example of Pyridine and piperidine
as lobeline in lobelia
example of Quinoline
cinchonine in cinchona
example of Isoquinoline
as opium in papaver
example of Indole
as strychnine in nux-vomica
example of Tropane
as belladonine in belladonna
what are Glycosides
organic compounds which hydrolyzed by acids or by special enzymes
what chemical group covered the essential part of the active constituents in the medical plants also the most of the physiological effects
glycosides
what do glycosides produce after being hydrolyzed by acids or by special enzymes
One type or more of sugars
One type or more of non- sugar compounds.
what is the sugar part usually in glycosides
the glycon is in the form of -glucose
what other types of sugars can the glycon of a glycoside be
rhamnose and digitoxose.
what is the non sugar part of the glycoside called
glycone or genin
how are glycosides classified
into groups upon the chemical composition of non-sugar part which produced after hydrolysis of glycosides
Classes of glycosides:
Steroidal glycosides
Anthraquinone glycosides
Flavonoid glycosides
Thioglycosides (sulphur)
Phenolic glycosides
Alcoholic glycosides
Naphthaquinone glycosides
which glycoside is the most important medically
Steroidal glycosides: This group is the most important groups medically due to their effect on the heart as cardiotonic
what Steroidal glycosides contain
digitoxin and their family
found in the leaves of Digitalis plant
what is digitoxin used for
used as muscle heart tonic and regulate their beats
another name for steroidal glycosides
cardiotonic glycosides.
most important sugars in steroidal glycosides
glucose, rhamnose, digitoxose and cymarose
example of de-oxysugars.
digitoxose and cymarose
Anthraquinone glycosides affect
laxative action and called laxative glycosides
what anthraquinone derivatives don’t have laxative affect and what can it cause
The anthraquinone derivatives which not connect with sugars has no laxative action and causes some gastric pains(spasm]
The most important glycosides belonging to Anthraquinone glycosides
cascarosides A,B,C&D
emodin glycoside
emodin glycoside found where
occur in the bark of frangula plant
cascarosides A,B,C&D found where
bark of cascara plant
what are Flavonoid glycosides also known as and what do they produce
Known as chromone which produce the color
most important Flavonoid glycosides
khellin
where is khellin found
fruits of Ammivisnaga plant.
example of Thioglycosides (sulphur) and where it occurs
inigrin occur in the seeds of Black mustard.
where are Phenolic glycosides mostly found
most classes of natural compounds having aromatic units
example of Phenolic glycosides and where they occur
Aspidinol which occur in the roots of Male fern plant
example of Alcoholic glycosides and where it occurs
salicin which found in Salix plant
example of Naphthaquinone glycosides and where its found
Lawson which found in Henna leaf plant.
what are Tannins
the astringent substances
non-crystalline
what happens when tannins are mixed with water
soluble in water to form colloidal solutions possessing an acid reaction and a sharp or astringent taste
what is produced when tannins react with ferric salt
form dark blue or greenish black solution
what is mixed with tannins to produce a deep red
k-ferricyanide and ammonia
what groups of tannins are responsible for their astringent and antiseptic actions
phenelic groups
The classification of tannins is based on what
upon colors obtained with iron salts
how can a green color be produced with tannins
in the presence of catechol with ferric iron
how can a blue color be produced with tannins
presence of pyrogallol
Functions of tannins to humans
Uses in the leather dying
astringent action
colors uses in the manufacturing of inks
what happens when tannins combine with living proteins
leads to astringent action
hoe can tannins stop diarrhea
astringent action
to the intestine
how can tannins stop wound bleeding
uses in wounds and burns which leads to stop of bleeding due to astringent action in addition to antiseptic action
example of plants containing tannins
he Galls, Tea and Hamamelis
Functions of tannins to plants
are the source of energy which consumes from the plant during the metabolism
where are tannins usually found in plants
in the specific parts as leaves or stems or barks, also occur in immature fruits but decreases in the mature fruits
what are lipids
Are esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols
where do lipids occur in
plants and animals that are relatively soluble in non-polar solvents as ether but insoluble in water.
examples of simple lipids
fixed oils
fats
waxes
examples of complex lipids
phosphatides and lecithin
examples of complex lipids and what might they contain
phosphatides and lecithin
which may contain phosphorus and nitrogen in addition to C, H802.
Types of fatty acids
Saturated
Unsaturated
example of saturated fatty acids
stearic and palmitic acids (commonest fatty acids)
