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Pharmacognosy > bark and wood > Flashcards

bark and wood Flashcards

1
Q

Where is xylem found and it’s function

A

In the wood and it transports water, and dissolved minerals while providing support

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2
Q

Where is phloem sound and what is its function?

A

In the bark and transports food

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3
Q

Cell types found in xylem

A

Tracheids and vessel members and parenchyma cells fibers

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4
Q

Cell types found in phloem

A

Companion cells sieve tubes and parenchyma cells fibers

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5
Q

Def of bark

A

All the tissue outside the vascular cambium

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6
Q

What is the bark made of

A

Living phloem
Cork cambium
Cork

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7
Q

What is the periderm

A

Cork cambium and cork

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8
Q

What does the shape of the bark depend on

A

How it’s cut and any shrinkage that occurs during drying

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9
Q

Flat wood description

A

Flat and thick

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10
Q

Curved wood description

A

Curved inwards

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11
Q

Recurved wood description

A

Both sides curved outwards

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12
Q

Channeled wood description

A

Sides of bark are curved inwards to form a channel

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13
Q

Single quil wood description

A

One edge of the bark covers the other edge

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14
Q

Double quill bark description

A

Both edges curved inwards

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15
Q

Compound quill description

A

Single or double quils packed inside each other

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16
Q

What does the outer bark usually exhibit

A

Epiphytes
lentices
Cracks and fissures
Wrinkles and furrows
Smooth
Scaly

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17
Q

Examples of epiphytes with definitions

A

Lichen: type of fungus
Liverworts: thin stems and leaves
Mosses: stems with spiraling leaves and contain midrib and lamina

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18
Q

Lentices?

A

Breathing pores on bark that are larger in size but smaller in number than normal stomata

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19
Q

Cracks in bark due to what

A

Increased growth and lack of elasticity

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20
Q

Wrinkles in bark cause

A

Greater shrinkage of softer tissue

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21
Q

When is bark smooth

A

When cork is equally developed

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22
Q

When is bark scaly

A

Exfoliation of outer tissue

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23
Q

Inner surface characteristics after drying

A

May have striations or corrugations

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24
Q

What are striations

A

Parallel longitudinal ridges are formed during drying and may be coats or fine

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25
Q

Corrugations?

A

Parallel transverse wrinkles formed due to shrinkage

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26
Q

Example of smooth wood

A

Quillaia

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27
Q

Example of finely striated wood

A

Cinnamon

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28
Q

Example of coarsely striated wood

A

Cascara

29
Q

Example of corrugated wood

A

Cascara

30
Q

Fracture def

A

Behavior of barks when broken across

31
Q

How are wood fractures described?

A

 Short: fractured surface is smooth.
Granular: surfaces exhibit small rounded prominences.
Fibrous: fibrous threads extend from broken surface.
Laminated: breaks into laterally arranged layers.
Splintery: irregular breakage with sharp plates.
Flexible: breaks only by twisting. 

32
Q

Order of bark layers, starting from the outside to inside 

A

Rhytidome
Periderm (cork, phellogen/cork cambium and phelloderm)
Primary cortex
Pericycle
Primary phloem
Secondary phloem

33
Q

What is decortication

A

When the tissue or part of it outside of the secondary phloem is removed

34
Q

What barks undergo the process of decortication

A

Quillia and cinnamon

35
Q

Decortication is done for the following reasons

A

Bark contains low to no amount of active ingredients
Undesirable amount of tannins, colour ig matter or other un wanted substances

36
Q

Another name for cork cambium

A

Phellogen

37
Q

Scientific name and family name of cinnamon

A

Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Lauraceae

38
Q

Part of cinnamon used

A

Inner bark

39
Q

Active constituents of cinnamon

A

Volatile oils (cinnamon oil)
Tannin
Mucilage
Gum

40
Q

Cinnamon uses

A

Antibacterial
Antifungal
Anti ulcer
Analgesic.
Antioxidant.
Improves circulation.
Carminative.
Flavoring agent. 

41
Q

Organoleptic characteristics of cinnamon

A

Colour: reddish brown
Odor:
Flavour: sweet pungent and astringent
Bark: long slender or double compound quills

42
Q

Wood def

A

Portion of the trunk, stem, branches or roots or woody plants

43
Q

Kinda of wood

A

Sapwood
Heart wood

44
Q

Characteristics of sap wood

A

Living
Light in color
Food reserve (starch)
Conduction and support

45
Q

Characteristics of heartwood

A

Dead
Dark
Support

46
Q

Example of heartwood

A

Guaciacum wood

47
Q

How is living wood turned to dead

A

Vessels become blocked by tylosis

48
Q

Tylosis and tyloses def

A

Vessel stops it’s function
Paranchyma around the vessel grows so the vessel becomes blocked
The inner growths are called tyloses

49
Q

What is the secondary xylem made of

A

Heartwood and sapwood

50
Q

Structure of wood fibers

A

Non living
Elongated cell
Very long tapering ends
Very thick
Longitude
Pitted walls
Narrow lumen

51
Q

Structure of woods

A

Wood fibers
Tracheids
Vessels
Medullary rays

52
Q

Tracheids structure

A

Elongated cells with thick lignified walls
Walls pitted with bordered pits
Conduction of water

53
Q

Structure of vessels

A

Longs tubes
Cells placed end to end

54
Q

Types of vessels in wood

A

a) Annular (the thickening is in the form of separate rings).
b) Spiral (the thickening is spirally coiled around the vessel).
c) Reticulate (the thickening meet together forming a network).
d) Pitted (the thickening leaving very small pits).
e) Scalariform (the thickening occurs as a ladder).

55
Q

Medullary rays def

A

Regular bands of radially elongated parenchyma

56
Q

Types of medullary rays

A

Primary
Secondary

57
Q

Scientific name and family of quassia wood

A

Picrasma excelsa (Jamaica quassia)
Simarubaceae

58
Q

Part used of quassia wood

A

Dried wood

59
Q

Organoleptic characteristics of quassia wood

A

Chips and small cubes (rare)
Yellow to whitish
Odorless
Very bitter

60
Q

Active ingredients that cause bitterness in quassia wood

A

picrasmin (isoquassin)
quassin
Neoquassin

61
Q

What happens when quassia is placed in alcohol

A

Yellow crystalline substance in it exhibits blue fluorescence

62
Q

Uses of quassia wood

A

Non astringent bitter tonic and stomachic
Enema to dispel thread worm
Insecticide against certain agricultural insects

63
Q

SN and family of sandal wood

A

Santalum album
Santalaceae

64
Q

Part used of sandal wood

A

Wood

65
Q

Active ingredients of sandal wood

A

Volatile oil (main ingredient is alcohol santalol)

66
Q

Uses of sandal wood

A

Volatile oils
Oil is stimulant
Disinfectant of urinary tract
Perfume

67
Q

What is rhytidome

A

Dead phloem

68
Q

Microscopical examination of cinnamon powder

A

1- Fibers, thick lignified walls and narrow lumen.
2- Numerous unequally thickened sclereids.
3- A single oil cell.
4-Starch granules simple or compound, (4-6) rarely.
5- Minute acicular crystals of calcium oxalate.

Pharmacognosy (3 decks)

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