bark and wood

Question 1

Where is xylem found and it’s function

Answer 1

In the wood and it transports water, and dissolved minerals while providing support

Question 2

Where is phloem sound and what is its function?

Answer 2

In the bark and transports food

Question 3

Cell types found in xylem

Answer 3

Tracheids and vessel members and parenchyma cells fibers

Question 4

Cell types found in phloem

Answer 4

Companion cells sieve tubes and parenchyma cells fibers

Question 5

Def of bark

Answer 5

All the tissue outside the vascular cambium

Question 6

What is the bark made of

Answer 6

Living phloem
Cork cambium
Cork

Question 7

What is the periderm

Answer 7

Cork cambium and cork

Question 8

What does the shape of the bark depend on

Answer 8

How it’s cut and any shrinkage that occurs during drying

Question 9

Flat wood description

Answer 9

Flat and thick

Question 10

Curved wood description

Answer 10

Curved inwards

Question 11

Recurved wood description

Answer 11

Both sides curved outwards

Question 12

Channeled wood description

Answer 12

Sides of bark are curved inwards to form a channel

Question 13

Single quil wood description

Answer 13

One edge of the bark covers the other edge

Question 14

Double quill bark description

Answer 14

Both edges curved inwards

Question 15

Compound quill description

Answer 15

Single or double quils packed inside each other

Question 16

What does the outer bark usually exhibit

Answer 16

Epiphytes
lentices
Cracks and fissures
Wrinkles and furrows
Smooth
Scaly

Question 17

Examples of epiphytes with definitions

Answer 17

Lichen: type of fungus
Liverworts: thin stems and leaves
Mosses: stems with spiraling leaves and contain midrib and lamina

Question 18

Lentices?

Answer 18

Breathing pores on bark that are larger in size but smaller in number than normal stomata

Question 19

Cracks in bark due to what

Answer 19

Increased growth and lack of elasticity

Question 20

Wrinkles in bark cause

Answer 20

Greater shrinkage of softer tissue

Question 21

When is bark smooth

Answer 21

When cork is equally developed

Question 22

When is bark scaly

Answer 22

Exfoliation of outer tissue

Question 23

Inner surface characteristics after drying

Answer 23

May have striations or corrugations

Question 24

What are striations

Answer 24

Parallel longitudinal ridges are formed during drying and may be coats or fine

Question 25

Corrugations?

Answer 25

Parallel transverse wrinkles formed due to shrinkage

Question 26

Example of smooth wood

Answer 26

Quillaia

Question 27

Example of finely striated wood

Answer 27

Cinnamon

Question 28

Example of coarsely striated wood

Answer 28

Cascara

Question 29

Example of corrugated wood

Answer 29

Cascara

Question 30

Fracture def

Answer 30

Behavior of barks when broken across

Question 31

How are wood fractures described?

Answer 31

 Short: fractured surface is smooth. Granular: surfaces exhibit small rounded prominences. Fibrous: fibrous threads extend from broken surface. Laminated: breaks into laterally arranged layers. Splintery: irregular breakage with sharp plates. Flexible: breaks only by twisting. 

Question 32

Order of bark layers, starting from the outside to inside 

Answer 32

Rhytidome Periderm (cork, phellogen/cork cambium and phelloderm) Primary cortex Pericycle Primary phloem Secondary phloem

Question 33

What is decortication

Answer 33

When the tissue or part of it outside of the secondary phloem is removed

Question 34

What barks undergo the process of decortication

Answer 34

Quillia and cinnamon

Question 35

Decortication is done for the following reasons

Answer 35

Bark contains low to no amount of active ingredients Undesirable amount of tannins, colour ig matter or other un wanted substances

Question 36

Another name for cork cambium

Answer 36

Phellogen

Question 37

Scientific name and family name of cinnamon

Answer 37

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae

Question 38

Part of cinnamon used

Answer 38

Inner bark

Question 39

Active constituents of cinnamon

Answer 39

Volatile oils (cinnamon oil) Tannin Mucilage Gum

Question 40

Cinnamon uses

Answer 40

Antibacterial Antifungal Anti ulcer Analgesic. Antioxidant. Improves circulation. Carminative. Flavoring agent. 

Question 41

Organoleptic characteristics of cinnamon

Answer 41

Colour: reddish brown Odor: Flavour: sweet pungent and astringent Bark: long slender or double compound quills

Question 42

Wood def

Answer 42

Portion of the trunk, stem, branches or roots or woody plants

Question 43

Kinda of wood

Answer 43

Sapwood Heart wood

Question 44

Characteristics of sap wood

Answer 44

Living Light in color Food reserve (starch) Conduction and support

Question 45

Characteristics of heartwood

Answer 45

Dead Dark Support

Question 46

Example of heartwood

Answer 46

Guaciacum wood

Question 47

How is living wood turned to dead

Answer 47

Vessels become blocked by tylosis

Question 48

Tylosis and tyloses def

Answer 48

Vessel stops it’s function Paranchyma around the vessel grows so the vessel becomes blocked The inner growths are called tyloses

Question 49

What is the secondary xylem made of

Answer 49

Heartwood and sapwood

Question 50

Structure of wood fibers

Answer 50

Non living Elongated cell Very long tapering ends Very thick Longitude Pitted walls Narrow lumen

Question 51

Structure of woods

Answer 51

Wood fibers Tracheids Vessels Medullary rays

Question 52

Tracheids structure

Answer 52

Elongated cells with thick lignified walls Walls pitted with bordered pits Conduction of water

Question 53

Structure of vessels

Answer 53

Longs tubes Cells placed end to end

Question 54

Types of vessels in wood

Answer 54

a) Annular (the thickening is in the form of separate rings). b) Spiral (the thickening is spirally coiled around the vessel). c) Reticulate (the thickening meet together forming a network). d) Pitted (the thickening leaving very small pits). e) Scalariform (the thickening occurs as a ladder).

Question 55

Medullary rays def

Answer 55

Regular bands of radially elongated parenchyma

Question 56

Types of medullary rays

Answer 56

Primary Secondary

Question 57

Scientific name and family of quassia wood

Answer 57

Picrasma excelsa (Jamaica quassia) Simarubaceae

Question 58

Part used of quassia wood

Answer 58

Dried wood

Question 59

Organoleptic characteristics of quassia wood

Answer 59

Chips and small cubes (rare) Yellow to whitish Odorless Very bitter

Question 60

Active ingredients that cause bitterness in quassia wood

Answer 60

picrasmin (isoquassin) quassin Neoquassin

Question 61

What happens when quassia is placed in alcohol

Answer 61

Yellow crystalline substance in it exhibits blue fluorescence

Question 62

Uses of quassia wood

Answer 62

Non astringent bitter tonic and stomachic Enema to dispel thread worm Insecticide against certain agricultural insects

Question 63

SN and family of sandal wood

Answer 63

Santalum album Santalaceae

Question 64

Part used of sandal wood

Answer 64

Wood

Question 65

Active ingredients of sandal wood

Answer 65

Volatile oil (main ingredient is alcohol santalol)

Question 66

Uses of sandal wood

Answer 66

Volatile oils Oil is stimulant Disinfectant of urinary tract Perfume

Question 67

What is rhytidome

Answer 67

Dead phloem

Question 68

Microscopical examination of cinnamon powder

Answer 68

1- Fibers, thick lignified walls and narrow lumen. 2- Numerous unequally thickened sclereids. 3- A single oil cell. 4-Starch granules simple or compound, (4-6) rarely. 5- Minute acicular crystals of calcium oxalate.