Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Strategy And Tactics > Ch 1 Fire Dynamics > Flashcards

Ch 1 Fire Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Fire can take various forms, but all fires involve a heat producing chemical reaction between some type of fuel and an_______, most commonly oxygen in the air

A

Oxidizer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A __________ Change occurs when a substance remains chemically the same but changes in size, shape, or appearance

A

Physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_______ is a chemical reaction involving the combination of an oxidizer, such as oxygen in the air, with other materials

A

Oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_____ Is the capacity to perform work

A

Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fuels have a certain amount of potential energy before they are ignited, based on their chemical composition. This potential energy available for release in the combustion process is known as the__________

A

Heat of combustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Energy is measured in joules in the international system of units.The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1°C is ________

A

4.2 Joules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A _________ Is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1°F

A

British thermal unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reactions that emit energy as they occur are____________

A

Exothermic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reactions that absorb energy as they occur are________

A

Endothermic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chemical reaction in which a substance absorbs heat

A

Endothermic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A ________ Chemical chain reaction must also be present for a fire to occur

A

Uninhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

___________ is the most common form of ignition and occurs when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter an external heat source with sufficient heat or thermal energy to start the combustion reaction

A

Piloted ignition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_________ occurs without any external flame or spark to ignite the fuel gases or vapors

A

Auto ignition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Moment when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounters an external heat source with sufficient heat or thermal energy to start the combustion reaction

A

Piloted ignition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

__________ is the minimum temperature at which a fuel in the air must be heated in order to start self sustained combustion

A

Auto ignition temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_______ combustion occurs more slowly and at a lower temperature, producing a smoldering glow in the material surface

A

Non-flaming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

______ Combustion is referred to as a fire

A

Flaming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Smoke is an______ comprised of gases, vapor, and solid particulates

A

Aerosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Complete combustion of_____ in air results in the production of heat, light, water vapor, and carbon dioxide

A

Methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This product of combustion is a colorless, odorless gas

A

Carbon monoxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

This product of combustion is a colorless gas with a pungent irritating odor that is highly irritating to the nose

A

Formaldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

This product of combustion is a colorless, toxic, and flammable liquid below 79°F produced by the combustion of nitrogen bearing substances

A

Hydrogen cyanide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This product of combustion is a reddish brown gas or yellowish brown liquid which is highly toxic and corrosive

A

Nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This product of combustion is small particles that can be inhaled and deposited in the mouth, trachea, or the lungs

A

Particulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

This product of combustion is a colorless gas with a choking or suffocating odor

A

Sulfur dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

CO combines with hemoglobin about_____ times more effectively than oxygen does

A

200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

__________ A toxic and flammable substance produced in the combustion of materials containing nitrogen, is also commonly found in smoke, although at lower concentrations than CO

A

Hydrogen cyanide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hydrogen cyanide is___ times more toxic than CO

A

35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

More than ______irritants in smoke have been identified including hydrogen chloride, formaldehyde, and acrolein

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

_______ Energy is the most common source of heat in combustion reactions

A

Chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

__________ A form of oxidation, is a chemical reaction that increases the temperature of a material without the addition of external heat

A

Self Heating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Self heating can lead to_____, which is ignition without the addition of external heat

A

Spontaneous ignition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

An _____ is a high temperature luminous electric discharge across a gap or through a medium such as charge insulation

A

Arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Heat is generated when gas is _______

A

Compressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The transfer of heat from one point or object to another is part of the study of ___________

A

Thermodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fuel is the oxidized or___ material or substance in the combustion process

A

Burned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The fuel in a combustion reaction is known as the _______

A

Reducing agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Charring of modern protective clothing fabric begins at this temperature

A

> 572°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Human skin is instantly destroyed at this temperature

A

162°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Human skin receives a first-degree burn injury at this temperature

A

118°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Temperatures inside a post flashover room fire are of this temperature

A

> 1112°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The peak heat release rate during unconfined burning of a dry Christmas tree is

A

3000-5000 kilowatt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The peak heat release rates during unconfined burning of polyurethane sofa is______

A

3120 kilowatts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Fuel and is being oxidized or burned during combustion

A

Reducing agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Vapor density of methane

A

.55

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Vapor density of propane

A

1.52

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Vapor density of carbon monoxide

A

.96

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Ignition temperature of methane

A

1004°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Ignition temperature of propane

A

842°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Ignition temperature of carbon monoxide

A

1128°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

________ Is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient papers to ignite, but not sustain combustion, in the presence of a piloted ignition source

A

Flashpoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Liquid fuels that vaporize sufficiently to burn at temperatures under______ present a significant flammability hazard

A

100°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Flammable liquids called______ such as alcohols will mix readily with water

A

Polar solvents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Specific gravity of gasoline

A

.72

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Specific gravity of diesel

A

1.00

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Specific gravity of ethanol

A

.78

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Specific gravity of methanol

A

.79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Flash point of gasoline

A

-36°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Flashpoint of diesel

A

125°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Flashpoint of ethanol

A

55°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Flashpoint of methanol

A

52°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Auto ignition temperature of gasoline

A

853°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Auto ignition temperature of diesel

A

410°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Auto ignition temperature of ethanol

A

689°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Auto ignition temperature of methanol

A

867°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

When placed in an oxygen enriched atmosphere of approximately _______ oxygen, nomex ignites and burns vigorously

A

31%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

At normal ambient temperatures, materials can ignite and burn at oxygen concentrations as low as _______

A

15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

The flammable range of carbon monoxide

A

12%- 75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Flammable range of methane

A

5%-15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Flammable range of propane

A

2.1%-9.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Flammable range of gasoline

A

1.4%-7.4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Flammable range of diesel

A

1.3%-6%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Flammable range of ethanol

A

3.3%-19%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Flammable range of methanol

A

6%-35.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Complete oxidation of ______ releases the elements needed to create carbon dioxide and water as well as release energy in the form of heat and light

A

Methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

___________ occurs when an extinguishing the agent, such as dry chemical or halon replacement agent, interferes with the chemical reaction, forms a stable product, and terminates the combustion reaction

A

Chemical flame inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

A visual indicator that a fire is leaving the incipient stage is __________

A

Flame height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

The drawing in and transporting of solid particles or gases by the flow of a fluid

A

Entertainment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

The appearance of_______ is sometimes an immediate indicator of flashover

A

Isolated flames

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Most residential fires that develop beyond the incipient stage become _________

A

Ventilation Limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Rapidfire development refers to the rapid transition from the ______stage or early decay stage to a ventilation limited, fully developed stage

A

Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Rapid transition from the growth stage to the fully developed stage is known as ________

A

Flash over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

As a flash over occurs, gas temperatures in the room reach______ or higher

A

1100°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

A significant indicator of flash over is_______

A

Rollover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

The auto ignition temperature of CO, the most abundant fuel gas created in most fires, is approximately ________

A

1100°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

This level of neutral plane could indicate that the compartment has not yet ventilated or that flashover is approaching

A

Mid level neutral plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

This level of neutral plane may indicate that a fire is in the early stages of development

A

High neutral plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

This level of neutral plane may indicate that the fire is reaching back draft conditions

A

Very low level neutral plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

There are two main types of fully developed fires; ventilation limited and ________ fires

A

Fuel limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Wind speeds as low as _____can create wind driven fire conditions

A

10 mph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

A ________ occurs when a mixture of unburned fuel gases and oxygen comes in contact with an ignition source

A

Smoke explosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Form of fire gas ignition; the ignition of accumulated flammable products of combustion and air that are within their flammable range

A

Smoke explosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Unprotected engineered steel and wooden trusses can fail after 5 to__ minutes of exposure to fire

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

For steel trusses, _____ is the critical temperature of steel the temperature at which steel begins to weaken

A

1000°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Bowstring trust roof systems constructed before the late 1960s have a common code deficiency; the bottom cord members may have inadequate __________ to support code prescribed rough loads

A

Tensile strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

A ______ occurs when a substance changes from one type of matter in to another, such as two or more substances combining to form compounds

A

Chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

The auto ignition temperature of a substance is always higher than it’s ______ temperature

A

Piloted ignition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Carbon monoxide as a toxic and flammable product of the _________combustion of organic materials

A

Incomplete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Carbon dioxide is a product of _____ combustion of organic materials

A

Complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

_______ heat can become the dominant mode of heat transfer as the fire grows in size and can have a significant effect on the ignition of objects located some distance from the fire

A

Radiant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

_______ Is a common cause of exposure fires

A

Radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Fuel that is being oxidized or burned during combustion

A

Reducing agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

______ Is the rate at which energy transfers

A

Power

104
Q

____ Is the energy released per unit of time as a fuel Burns and is usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts

A

Heat release rate

105
Q

______ is the common term used to describe the gaseous state a a fuel that would normally exist as a liquid or a solid at a standard temperature and pressure

A

Vapor

106
Q

Pyrolysis of wood begins at a temperature below ____

A

400°F

107
Q

At normal ambient temperatures, materials can ignite and burn at oxygen concentrations as low as____

A

15%

108
Q

When placed in an oxygen enriched atmosphere of approximately_____ oxygen, nomex ignites and burns vigorously

A

31%

109
Q

The____ Is the minimum concentration of your paper and air the supports combustion

A

Lower explosive Limit

110
Q

The _____ Is the concentration above which combustion cannot take place

A

Upper explosive limit

111
Q

When flames reach ______ high, radiated heat begins to transfer more heat than convection

A

2.5 feet

112
Q

The fire is said to be in the______ stage until the fires heat release rate has reached its peak, either because of lack of fuel or a lack of oxygen

A

Growth

113
Q

________ Is the tendency of gases to form and two layers according to temperature, gas density, and pressure

A

Thermal layering

114
Q

The interface between the hot gas layers and cooler layer of air is commonly referred to as the ____because the net pressure is zero, or neutral, what are the layers meet

A

Neutral plane

115
Q

During flashover, the volume of burning gases can increase from approximately 1/4 to ______of the rooms upper volume to fill the rooms entire volume and extend out of any openings from the room

A

1/2

116
Q

The flow path is comprised of two regions, the ambient airflow in and the hot exhaust flow out. The flow is always _____ due to pressure differences where the ambient air flows toward the seat of the fire and reacts with the fuel

A

Undirectional

117
Q

The total quantity of combustible contents of a building, space, or fire area is referred to as the_____

A

Fuel load

118
Q

The ______of a structure are often the most readily available‘s fuel source, significantly influencing fire development in a compartment fire

A

Contents

119
Q

_______ Describes the meeting point between fire science, materials science, fluid dynamics of gases, and heat transfer

A

Fire dynamics

120
Q

_______ is the study of matter and energy and includes chemistry and physics

A

Physical science

121
Q

When comparing Joules and BTU, blank, _______ j=1BTU

A

1055

122
Q

Smoke is the product of ______

A

Incomplete combustion

123
Q

Carbon monoxide is a toxic and flammable product of the incomplete combustion of _______materials

A

Organic

124
Q

Hydrogen cyanide, a toxic and flammable substance produced in the combustion of materials containing ______

A

Nitrogen

125
Q

Hydrogen cyanide is a significant byproduct of the combustion of_____ used in many household furnishings

A

Poly urethane foam

126
Q

Carbon dioxide is a product of ________combustion of organic materials

A

Complete

127
Q

_______ Is the measurement of the average kinetic energy in the particles of a sample of matter

A

Temperature

128
Q

Friction or compression generates _______energy

A

Mechanical

129
Q

The rate at which heat transfers is related to the temperature differential of the bodies and the _____of the materials involved

A

Thermal conductivity

130
Q

Copper will conduct heat more than ______times faster than steel

A

Seven

131
Q

Steel is nearly _____times as thermally conductive as concrete

A

40

132
Q

All compartment fires begin in the incipient stage as ____ fires

A

Fuel limited

133
Q

The energy released in fire is directly proportional to the amount of ______ available for combustion

A

Oxygen

134
Q

_______ Is the place where fire dynamics in building construction interact

A

Structure fire

135
Q

Physical science is the study of matter and energy and includes___&_____

A

Chemistry, physics

136
Q

______ occurs when a force is applied to an object over a distance or when a substance undergoes a chemical, biological, or physical change

A

Work

137
Q

Forms of energy are classified as either ___or ____

A

Potential, kinetic

138
Q

______ Energy represents the amount of energy that an object can release at some point in the future

A

Potential

139
Q

Fuels have a certain amount of potential energy before they are ignited, based on their _________

A

Chemical composition

140
Q

_______ Energy is the energy that a moving object possesses

A

Kinetic

141
Q

Exothermic reactions _____ energy while endothermic reactions ______ energy

A

Release, absorb

142
Q

The fire tetrahedron model includes the _______ to explain flaming or gas phase combustion

A

Chemical chain reaction

143
Q

In solids, offgassing is a chemical change known as ______, in liquids, a physical change called _____

A

Pyrolysis, vaporization

144
Q

______ ignition involves the introduction of an external ignition source, while _____ occurs under special conditions without the heat of a spark or other source

A

Piloted, autoignition

145
Q

Auto ignition temperature is the _____ temperature at which a fuel in the air must be heated in order to start self sustained combustion

A

Minimum

146
Q

There are two modes of combustion; _____and _____

A

Non-flaming, flaming

147
Q

Flaming combustion is commonly referred to as______

A

Fire

148
Q

_______ combustion occurs when a gaseous fuel mixes with oxygen and the correct ratio and heats to ignition temperature

A

Flaming

149
Q

_____ Is where the combustion process begins

A

Ignition

150
Q

_____ It is an aerosol comprised of gases, vapor, and solid particulates

A

Smoke

151
Q

Smoke is the product of______

A

Incomplete combustion

152
Q

Complete combustion of methane in air results in the production of heat, light, water vapor and _______

A

Carbon dioxide

153
Q

Gas is such as carbon monoxide are generally colorless, while ______ and _____ give smoke its varied colors

A

Vapor, particulates

154
Q

Concentrations of the products of combustion and or low oxygen concentration can cause ________

A

Asphyxiation

155
Q

________ Is a toxic and flammable product of the incomplete combustion of organic materials

A

Carbon monoxide

156
Q

________ Is a colorless, odorless gas present at almost every fire

A

Carbon monoxide

157
Q

________ Is a sometimes a little condition in which carbon monoxide molecules attached to hemoglobin, decreasing the bloods ability to carry oxygen

A

CO poisoning

158
Q

Incomplete combustion of substances that contain nitrogen and carbon produce _____

A

HCN

159
Q

HCN is a significant byproduct of the combustion of _____ used in many household furnishings

A

Poly urethane foam

160
Q

______ In smoke are substances that cause breathing discomfort and information of the eyes, respiratory tract and skin

A

Irritants

161
Q

Smoke also contains significant amounts of _______in the form of solid and liquid particulates and gases

A

Unburned fuel’s

162
Q

_____ is the measurement of heat

A

Temperature

163
Q

A dangerous misconception is that temperature is an accurate predictor or measurement of ______

A

Heat transfer

164
Q

____ Energy is the most common source of heat in combustion reactions

A

Chemical

165
Q

The _____ process almost always results in the production of thermal energy

A

Oxidation

166
Q

This form of electrical heating is an electric current flowing through a conductor produces heat

A

Resistance heating

167
Q

This example of electric heating is when the current flowing through a conductor exceeds its design limits

A

Overcurrent or overload

168
Q

This example of electrical heating is when an Electric arc occurs, luminous particles can form and spider away from the point of arcing

A

Sparking

169
Q

Heat is ____ when a gas is compressed

A

Generated

170
Q

Heat transfer from the initial fuel package to other fuels in and beyond the area of fire origin affects the growth of any fire and is part of the study of______

A

Fire dynamics

171
Q

Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler objects because heated materials will naturally return to a state of _______ in which all areas of an object are a uniform temperature

A

Thermal equilibrium

172
Q

The rate at which heat transfers is related to the temperature differential of the bodies and the _____ of the materials involved

A

Thermal Conductivity

173
Q

_____ Occurs when a material is heated as a result of direct contact with a heat source

A

Conduction

174
Q

_____ Slow the conduction of heat from one solid to another

A

Insulating materials

175
Q

____ do not conduct heat very well because their molecules are relatively far apart

A

Gases

176
Q

_____ Is the transmission of energy as electromagnetic waves, such as light waves, radio waves, or x-rays without an intervening medium

A

Radiation

177
Q

______ Can become the dominant mode of heat transfer as the fire grows in size and can have a significant effect on the ignition of objects located some distance from the fire

A

Radiant heat

178
Q

Radiation is a common cause of______

A

Exposure fires

179
Q

_____ Is the oxidized or burned material or substance in the combustion process

A

Fuel

180
Q

Fuels may be ____ or ___

A

In organic, organic

181
Q

Most common fuels are _____containing carbon and other elements

A

Organic

182
Q

The fuels ______ is the total amount of thermal energy released when a specific amount of that fuel burns

A

Heat of combustion

183
Q

Another way to describe _____ is the rate at which energy converts from one form to another

A

Power

184
Q

The standard international unit for power is the _____

A

Watt

185
Q

When a fuel is heated, ____ is being performed

A

Work

186
Q

The prefix kilo indicates a multiple of _____ and mega indicates a multiple of ______

A

Thousands, millions

187
Q

For ______ combustion to occur fuels must be in the gaseous state

A

Flaming

188
Q

______ Describes the density of gases in relation to air

A

Vapor density

189
Q

______ Have mass and volume but no definite shape except for a flat surface or the shape of their container

A

Liquids

190
Q

The _____ of a gas provides an indication of where a gas will collect at an incident

A

Vapor density

191
Q

_____\ Is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of liquid compared to the mass of an equal volume of water at the same temperature

A

Specific gravity

192
Q

 The pressure that vapors escaping from a liquid exert is known as_______

A

Vapor pressure

193
Q

_____ Indicates how easily a substance will evaporate into air

A

Vapor pressure

194
Q

The ______ Of the substance in the amount of thermal energy applied to it determines the rate of vaporization

A

Vapor pressure

195
Q

The _____ Or ease with which a liquid gives off vapor influences how easily it can ignite

A

Volatility

196
Q

______ Is the temperature at which a piloted ignition of sufficient vapors will be in a sustained combustion reaction

A

Fire point

197
Q

______ is commonly used to indicate the flammability hazard of liquid fuels

A

Flashpoint

198
Q

_____ Describes the extent to which a substance will mix with water

A

Solubility

199
Q

Materials that are ____ in the water will mix in any proportion

A

Miscible 

200
Q

Liquids that are _____ than water or more difficult to extinguish using water as the sole extinguishing agent

A

Less dense

201
Q

Today, flexible ______ is one of the most common materials used in upholstered furniture

A

Polyurethane foam

202
Q

Solid fuels have a definite shape and size which significantly affects how easily they ignite. The primary consideration is the surface area of the fuel in proportion to its mass called the_____

A

Surface to mass ratio

203
Q

The ______ of a liquid indicates the temperature at which the liquid will ignite temporarily, while the _____ indicates the temperature at which a liquid once ignited will continue to burn

A

Flashpoint, fire point

204
Q

The proximity and _____ of a solid fuel relative to the source of heat also affects the way the fuel burns

A

Orientation

205
Q

Oxygen and the air is the _____ agent in most fires

A

Primary oxidizing

206
Q

Normal air consist of about _______percent oxygen

A

21

207
Q

At normal ambient temperatures, materials can ignite and burn at oxygen concentrations as low as ______ percent

A

15

208
Q

For combustion to occur after a fuel converts into a gaseous state the fuel must be mixed with air in the proper ratio. The range of concentrations of the fuel vapor and air is called the _______

A

Flammable explosive range

209
Q

The _____is a relatively narrow band of conditions at which a mixture of fuel vapors and air Wilburn

A

Flammable range

210
Q

As flaming combustion occurs the molecules of a fuel gas and oxygen break apart to form _______

A

Free radicals

211
Q

The elements released when _____ molecules breakdown recombine with oxygen in the air to form CO2 and H2O

A

Methane

212
Q

At various points in the combustion of methane, this process results in production of ____ and _____ which are both flammable and toxic

A

Carbon monoxide, formaldehyde

213
Q

When sufficient oxygen is available for flaming combustion, the fire is said to be ______

A

Fuel limited

214
Q

Under fuel limited conditions the fuels characteristics such as ___ and configuration control fire development 

A

Heat release rate

215
Q

All compartment fires began in the incipient stage as _____ fires

A

Fuel limited

216
Q

Once the fire reaches the _____ stage the fire will either remain fuel limited if there is enough oxygen to support continued growth or the fire will consume the available oxygen and become ventilation limited

A

Growth

217
Q

A _____ Fire will usually progress through the stages of fire development in order

A

Fuel limited

218
Q

______ Or a free burn condition provides the most basic fire growth curve

A

Open burning

219
Q

Open burning is representative of a ______ fire, such as a campfire, a pile of wood pallets, or sofa and a large open empty warehouse

A

Fuel limited

220
Q

The _____ Stage is where a fire begins

A

Incipient

221
Q

Once ignition occurs in the combustion process begins development in the incipient stage depends largely upon the ______ and ______ of the fuel involved

A

Characteristics, configuration

222
Q

The hot gases in the plane rise until they encounter the ceiling and then begin to spread horizontally, this flow of fire gases is called the _____

A

Ceiling jet

223
Q

During a _____ stage occupants can safely escape from the compartment and a portable extinguisher or small hose line can safely extinguish the fire

A

Incipient

224
Q

When flames reach ____feet high radiated heat begins to transfer more heat than convection

A

2.5

225
Q

Rapidfire development usually occurs during the ___ stage

A

Growth

226
Q

Understanding fire dynamics is largely an understanding of everything that can happen during the ____ stage

A

Grothe

227
Q

______ fires draw air from all sides and the entrainment of air cools the plume of hot gases reducing flame length and vertical extension

A

Unconfined

228
Q

Thermal layering is the tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature, gas density and ______

A

Pressure

229
Q

Changes in ventilation and ______ can significantly alter thermal layering

A

Flow path

230
Q

The ______ Exist at openings were hot gases exit and cooler air enters the compartment

A

Neutral plane

231
Q

_______ development refers to the rapid transition from the growth stage or early decay stage to a ventilation limited fully developed stage

A

Rapidfire

232
Q

Flash over typically occurs during the fire‘s ______ stage

A

Growth

233
Q

At the floor level a heat flux of approximately _____ is also typical of rollover conditions at the start of the flashover

A

20kW/m2

234
Q

NIST testing conducted in 2013 has shown the SCBA face pieces begin to fail after five minutes of exposure to a heat flux of _____

A

15kW/m2

235
Q

Observing the ______ from outside a structure can provide indications of the behavior of the fire within

A

Neutral plane

236
Q

To some degree, the violence of a Backdraft depends upon the extent to which the _______ is confined

A

Fuel air mixture

237
Q

The ______ stage occurs when the heat release rate of the fire has reached its peak because of lack of either fuel or oxygen

A

Fully developed

238
Q

There are two main types of fully developed fires;____and _____ fires

A

Ventilation limited, fuel limited

239
Q

The ______ Limits the peak heat release rate in a fuel limited fully developed fire

A

Available fuel

240
Q

_________ Usually occurs when fires are not contained within compartments such as wildland fires, vehicle killer fires or fires burning in collapsed structures

A

Fuel Limited full development

241
Q

To reduce the risk of the unpredictable window failure firefighters must transition the fire from _____ limited to ______ limited

A

Ventilation, fuel

242
Q

A fire is said to be in the _____ stage when it runs out of either fuel or oxygen

A

Decay

243
Q

When a fire enters a ______ state of decay this stage is not necessarily the last stage of the fires development

A

Ventilation limited

244
Q

______ Are essentially composed of individual compartments connected by hallways, stairways, or opening such as doorways

A

Structures

245
Q

In a structure fire the method by which the fire receives the needed oxygen to sustain the combustion reaction occurs through one or many ______

A

Flow paths

246
Q

In a structure fire, the _____ and ____ determine the available flow path

A

Floor plan, openings within the structure

247
Q

____ Occurs when a structural member fails usually because of exposure to heat and introduces a new source of oxygen to the fire

A

Unplanned ventilation

248
Q

Wind driven conditions can occur in any type of structure. Wind speeds as low as ______ can create wind driven fire conditions

A

10mph

249
Q

Most ______ rate the various construction types according to how long each construction type maintains its structural integrity over a certain period of time

A

Building codes

250
Q

Building ______ is the layout of the various open spaces in a structure

A

Compartmentation

251
Q

Any open space with no complete fire barrier dividing it is considered a_____-

A

Compartment

252
Q

A_________ Is the place where fire dynamics in building construction interact

A

Structure fire

253
Q

In single-family residential structures, the square footage of houses has increased over _____ between 1973 and 2008

A

150%

254
Q

Unprotected engineered steel and wooden trusses can fail after ____ minutes of exposure to fire

A

Five to ten

255
Q

Bowstring truss roof systems constructed before the late ___\have a common code deficiency; the bottom cord members may have an adequate tensile strength to support code prescribed roof loads

A

1960s

256
Q

Buildings under construction with exposed wooden framing are often thought of as the equivalent of a ______

A

Vertical lumberyard

Strategy And Tactics (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions