Ch 1 Definitions Flashcards
Define nursing
Nursing is a holistic profession that addresses the many dimensions necessary to fully care for a patient
Differentiate among the functions and roles of nursing
Historically the nursing profession has evolved from a religious and military background to need the nursing needs of society
Summarize nursing theories that influence nursing practice
Non-nursing theories that influence nursing practice include systems theory, developmental theory, change theory, theory of human needs, and leadership theories
Articulate the criteria of a profession as applied to nursing
Nursing is evaluated against the criteria of a profession, which include altruism, body of knowledge, accountability, higher education, autonomy, code of ethics, professional organization, and licensure
Discuss standards of practice and nurse practice acts
ANA standards of practice guide and direct the practice of nursing; state nurse practice acts define nurses scope of practice
Describe the socialization and transformation process of a nurse
Socialization into the nursing profession follows a process from novice to advanced beginner during nursing school
The nurse reaches the competent level after several years of practice
Transformation takes place when the student gains the ability to perceive and prioritize the situational needs of complex care
Explain the levels of educational preparation in nursing and differentiate among the nurses roles depending on education
Numerous levels of education (diploma, associate, baccalaureate, masters, doctorate) and career opportunities in nursing can be pursued
List possible certifications in various arenas of nursing and professional organizations in nursing
Many different certifications are available to nurses who meet specific requirements and pass qualifying exams
Nursing organizations represent all nurses and nursing specialties
Discuss the future directions in nursing
Future directions in nursing include dealing with the nursing shortage, implementing new patient safety programs, and exploring the role of thee independent nurse
Novice
- no previous experience
- rigid adherence to taught rules or plans
- little situational perception
- no discretionary judgement
- very beginning of analytical decision making
Advanced beginner
- uses more sophisticated rules based on limited experience
- beginning situational perception but still limited
- analytical decision making
Competent
- working for 2-3 years
- uses more analytical thinking
- lacks speed and flexibility
- sees actions at least partly in terms of longer term goals
- conscious, deliberate planning
- able to see different perspectives
- standardized and routine zen procedures based on principles
Proficient
- uses experiences to make decisions
- sees situations holistically
- sees what is most important in a situation
- perceives deviations from normal pattern
- decision making less labored
- uses maxims for guidance, meaning varies according to the situation
Expert
- no longer relies on rules, guidelines or maxims
- intuitive grasp of situations based on deep tacit understanding
- analytic approaches
- vision of what is possible
Primary roles and functions of a nurse
Care provider Educator Advocate Leader Change agent Manager Researcher Collaboration Delegator
Health literacy
Degree of which individuals have capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health info and services needed to make appropriate health decisions
Low health literacy
Increased hospitalization, greater emergency care use, lower use of mammography and lower receipt of flu vaccine
Florence nightingale theory
Emphasized illness prevention, clean air, water and housing
Theory discussed environmental adaptation with appropriate noise levels, hygiene, light, comfort, socialization, hope, nutrition and conversation of patient energy
States: imbalance between the patient and the environment decreases the capacity for health and doesn’t allow for conservation of energy
Hildegard peplau theory
Focused on the roles played by the nurse and interpersonal process between a nurse and patient
Interpersonal process:
- Orientation
- Working - identification and exploitation
- Resolution
Virginia Henderson theory
“Assisting individuals to gain independence in relation to the performance of activities contributing to health or its recovery”
Nurses roles: substitute - doing for the person, supplementary - helping the person, complementary - working with the person
Ultimate goal: independence for patient
Martha rogers theory
Science of Unitary Human Beings
Humans and their environment interact in continuous motion as infinite energy fields
4 dimensions: energy fields, openness, patterns and organization, and dimensional its
Resonancy - continuous change from lower to higher frequency
Helicy - increasing diversity
Integrality - continuous process of the human and environmental fields
Sister Callista Roy theory
Adaptation model - human as an adaptive open system
Adapts by: meeting physiological-physical needs, developing positive self-concept-group identity, performing social role functions, balancing dependence and independence
Dorothea Orem theory
Self-care, self-care deficit, nursing systems
- Wholly compensatory
- Partly compensatory
- Supportive-educative
Imogene king theory
- Individual or personal
- Group or interpersonal
- Society or social
Betty neuman theory
Holistic concept and open-system approach
Patient has normal response to stress - normal lines of defense.
Internal, external and created environments
Rosemarie rizzo parse theory
Theory of human becoming
Existential-phenomenological thought and the person is a constantly changing being
Jean Watson theory
Based on caring, dedicated to health and healing
Nurse preserves the dignity and wholeness of humans in health or while peacefully dying
Caring process in known as transpersonal caring
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Physiologic needs
Safety and security
Love and belonging
Self-esteem
Self-actualization
Eriksons psychosocial theory
Phychosocial theory of development and socialization is based on individuals interacting and learning about their world
Lewins change theory
Unfreezing - overcoming inertia and changing the mindset, bypassing the defenses
Moving or change - time of transition and confusion with change. Supported and implemented
Refereeing - change is completed, reinforced and accepted
Pauls critical-thinking theory
Intellectually disciplines process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication as a guide to belief and action.
Rosenstocks health belief model
- perceived susceptibility of the risk of getting the condition
- perceived severity of the seriousness of the condition and its potential consequences
- perceived barriers of the influences that facilitate or discourage adoption of the promoted behavior
- perceived benefits of the positive consequences of adopting the behavior
