Ch 1 Definitions

Question 1

Define nursing

Answer 1

Nursing is a holistic profession that addresses the many dimensions necessary to fully care for a patient

Question 2

Differentiate among the functions and roles of nursing

Answer 2

Historically the nursing profession has evolved from a religious and military background to need the nursing needs of society

Question 3

Summarize nursing theories that influence nursing practice

Answer 3

Non-nursing theories that influence nursing practice include systems theory, developmental theory, change theory, theory of human needs, and leadership theories

Question 4

Articulate the criteria of a profession as applied to nursing

Answer 4

Nursing is evaluated against the criteria of a profession, which include altruism, body of knowledge, accountability, higher education, autonomy, code of ethics, professional organization, and licensure

Question 5

Discuss standards of practice and nurse practice acts

Answer 5

ANA standards of practice guide and direct the practice of nursing; state nurse practice acts define nurses scope of practice

Question 6

Describe the socialization and transformation process of a nurse

Answer 6

Socialization into the nursing profession follows a process from novice to advanced beginner during nursing school
The nurse reaches the competent level after several years of practice
Transformation takes place when the student gains the ability to perceive and prioritize the situational needs of complex care

Question 7

Explain the levels of educational preparation in nursing and differentiate among the nurses roles depending on education

Answer 7

Numerous levels of education (diploma, associate, baccalaureate, masters, doctorate) and career opportunities in nursing can be pursued

Question 8

List possible certifications in various arenas of nursing and professional organizations in nursing

Answer 8

Many different certifications are available to nurses who meet specific requirements and pass qualifying exams
Nursing organizations represent all nurses and nursing specialties

Question 9

Discuss the future directions in nursing

Answer 9

Future directions in nursing include dealing with the nursing shortage, implementing new patient safety programs, and exploring the role of thee independent nurse

Question 10

Novice

Answer 10

• no previous experience
• rigid adherence to taught rules or plans
• little situational perception
• no discretionary judgement
• very beginning of analytical decision making

Question 11

Advanced beginner

Answer 11

• uses more sophisticated rules based on limited experience
• beginning situational perception but still limited
• analytical decision making

Question 12

Competent

Answer 12

• working for 2-3 years
• uses more analytical thinking
• lacks speed and flexibility
• sees actions at least partly in terms of longer term goals
• conscious, deliberate planning
• able to see different perspectives
• standardized and routine zen procedures based on principles

Question 13

Proficient

Answer 13

• uses experiences to make decisions
• sees situations holistically
• sees what is most important in a situation
• perceives deviations from normal pattern
• decision making less labored
• uses maxims for guidance, meaning varies according to the situation

Question 14

Expert

Answer 14

• no longer relies on rules, guidelines or maxims
• intuitive grasp of situations based on deep tacit understanding
• analytic approaches
• vision of what is possible

Question 15

Primary roles and functions of a nurse

Answer 15

Care provider
Educator
Advocate
Leader
Change agent
Manager
Researcher
Collaboration
Delegator

Question 16

Health literacy

Answer 16

Degree of which individuals have capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health info and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

Question 17

Low health literacy

Answer 17

Increased hospitalization, greater emergency care use, lower use of mammography and lower receipt of flu vaccine

Question 18

Florence nightingale theory

Answer 18

Emphasized illness prevention, clean air, water and housing

Theory discussed environmental adaptation with appropriate noise levels, hygiene, light, comfort, socialization, hope, nutrition and conversation of patient energy

States: imbalance between the patient and the environment decreases the capacity for health and doesn’t allow for conservation of energy

Question 19

Hildegard peplau theory

Answer 19

Focused on the roles played by the nurse and interpersonal process between a nurse and patient

Interpersonal process:

1. Orientation
2. Working - identification and exploitation
3. Resolution

Question 20

Virginia Henderson theory

Answer 20

“Assisting individuals to gain independence in relation to the performance of activities contributing to health or its recovery”

Nurses roles: substitute - doing for the person, supplementary - helping the person, complementary - working with the person

Ultimate goal: independence for patient

Question 21

Martha rogers theory

Answer 21

Science of Unitary Human Beings

Humans and their environment interact in continuous motion as infinite energy fields

4 dimensions: energy fields, openness, patterns and organization, and dimensional its

Resonancy - continuous change from lower to higher frequency
Helicy - increasing diversity
Integrality - continuous process of the human and environmental fields

Question 22

Sister Callista Roy theory

Answer 22

Adaptation model - human as an adaptive open system

Adapts by: meeting physiological-physical needs, developing positive self-concept-group identity, performing social role functions, balancing dependence and independence

Question 23

Dorothea Orem theory

Answer 23

Self-care, self-care deficit, nursing systems

1. Wholly compensatory
2. Partly compensatory
3. Supportive-educative

Question 24

Imogene king theory

Answer 24

1. Individual or personal
2. Group or interpersonal
3. Society or social

Question 25

Betty neuman theory

Answer 25

Holistic concept and open-system approach

Patient has normal response to stress - normal lines of defense.

Internal, external and created environments

Question 26

Rosemarie rizzo parse theory

Answer 26

Theory of human becoming

Existential-phenomenological thought and the person is a constantly changing being

Question 27

Jean Watson theory

Answer 27

Based on caring, dedicated to health and healing

Nurse preserves the dignity and wholeness of humans in health or while peacefully dying

Caring process in known as transpersonal caring

Question 28

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Answer 28

Physiologic needs

Safety and security

Love and belonging

Self-esteem

Self-actualization

Question 29

Eriksons psychosocial theory

Answer 29

Phychosocial theory of development and socialization is based on individuals interacting and learning about their world

Question 30

Lewins change theory

Answer 30

Unfreezing - overcoming inertia and changing the mindset, bypassing the defenses

Moving or change - time of transition and confusion with change. Supported and implemented

Refereeing - change is completed, reinforced and accepted

Question 31

Pauls critical-thinking theory

Answer 31

Intellectually disciplines process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication as a guide to belief and action.

Question 32

Rosenstocks health belief model

Answer 32

• perceived susceptibility of the risk of getting the condition
• perceived severity of the seriousness of the condition and its potential consequences
• perceived barriers of the influences that facilitate or discourage adoption of the promoted behavior
• perceived benefits of the positive consequences of adopting the behavior