Ch 1 & Ch2 A&P/Intro Flashcards
Six Functions of the skeletal system
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood Cell Production
Triglyceride Storage
Types of bones:
Thigh, leg, arm, fingers, toes
Long Bones
Types of bones:
Wrist and ankle bones
Short Bones
Types of bones:
Cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae
Flat Bones
Types of bones:
Vertebrae, Facial bones
Irregular bones
Part of a long bone:
The Shaft
Diaphysis
Ends of the long bone
Epiphyses
Contains the growth plate (epiphyseal plate)
Located between the shaft and end of bone
Metaphyses
Bone building cells
Osteoblasts
Maintain bone
Exchange nutrients and waste with blood
These are osteoblasts encased in matrix they build
Osteocytes
Digest bone matrix for normal bone turnover
Osteoclasts
Joints are classified based on their:
Structure
Different Structures of joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Types of joints:
No cavity, just dense irregular connective tissue
Fibrous joints
Types of joints:
No cavity, bones are held together by cartilage
Cartilaginous joints
Types of joints:
Have synovial cavity and many other components such as ligaments
Synovial joints
Examples of fibrous joints
Sutures of the skull
Intraosseous membrane
Dense irregular tissue between long bones
- Radius-ulna
- Tibia-fibula
Interosseous membrane
Space containing fluid
Synovial cavity
Cartilage that reduces friction between bones for synovial joints
Articular cartilage
Synovial joints:
Allows articulating bones to fit more tightly
Articular discs (menisci)
Sacs that contain synovial fluid
Located where friction can occur, decreases friction
Bursae
Structure of Synovial Joints
Synovial Cavity
Articular Cartilage
Ligaments
Synovial membrane
Accessory ligaments
Articular discs
Bursae
Joints that are convex to concave surfaces
Allow flexion and extension only
Hinge Joints
Composed of connective tissue
Connect bone to bone
Ligaments
Tough band of fibrous connective tissue
Function to connect muscle to bone
Tendons
Skeletal muscle contracts and moves bones via:
Tendons
Covers ends of bones
Absorbs shock
Reduces friction
Cartilage
Decreases friction in areas where friction can occur with movement
- Between the skin and bone
- Between tendons and bones
- Between muscles and bones
- Between ligaments and bones
Bursa
Type of muscle:
Movement of bones/body parts
Stabilize body positions
Skeletal muscle
Type of muscle:
Heart only
Develops pressure for blood flow
Cardiac muscle
Types of muscle:
Located in the GI Tract
Smooth muscle
Four major functions of muscles
Produce body movements
Stabilize body positions
Store and move substances
Produce heat
Decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Flexion
Increase in angle between articulating bones
Extension
Bending beyond 180 degrees, such as moving humerus backwards behind the anatomical plane
Hyperextension
Movement of bone away from the midline
Abduction
Movement of bone toward the midline
Adduction
Movement of distal end in a circle
Circumduction
Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
Rotation
Movement of the soles of the foot medially
Inversion
Movement of the soles of the foot laterally
Eversion
Bending foot toward the dorsum (standing on heels)
Dorsiflexion
Bending the foot toward the plantar surfaces (Standing on toes)
Plantarflexion
Movement of forearm so palms face forward or upward
Supination
Movement of the forearms so palms face backward or downward
Pronation
_____ results from pain, disease to the muscle or damage to the motor neuron
Atrophy
Results from injury to muscle’s motor neuron
Fasciculations
Examine _____ range of motion if unable to complete active range of motion
Passive
Passive range of motion typically exceeds active range of motion by __ degrees
5
Used to precisely measure joint angles
Goniometer
No evidence of muscle function (including muscle twitch)
Zero, 0/5
Muscle contraction but no or very limited joint motion
Trace, 1/5
Complete range of motion with gravity eliminated
Poor, 2/5
Complete range of motion against gravity
Fair, 3/5
Complete range of motion against with some resistance
Good, 4/5
Complete range of motion with full or normal resistance
Normal, 5/5
Muscle weakness may result from:
Disuse atrophy
Pain
Fatigue
Overstretching
Nerve root function should be tested if:
Symptoms are due to neck/back problems
Disorder is localized to the extremities
