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GCSE Biology > Ch. 1- Cells and Transport > Flashcards

Ch. 1- Cells and Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What is the smallest whole unit of any living organism?

A

Cell

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2
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A subcellular structure with a specific function

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3
Q

What does MRSGREN stand for?

A

Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition

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4
Q

What is the role of a nucleus?

A

It contains genetic instructions (DNA) which controls the cell

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5
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

It’s where respiration occurs to release energy

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6
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

It’s where protein synthesis happens by linking amino acids. Enzymes, antibodies and hormones are made from proteins.

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7
Q

What is an example of an animal cell?

A

Cheek cell

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8
Q

What is an example of a plant cell?

A

Pallisade mesophyll cell

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9
Q

What is the function of a cellulose cell wall?

A

Gives structure and strength

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10
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

Store genetic information and controls activities of the cell

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11
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Liquid gel in which chemical reactions take place

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12
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Releases energy during respiration

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13
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Makes proteins

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14
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane?

A

Allows selective passage of gases, water and minerals

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15
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap and to store food, waste and water for cells

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16
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

They contain chlorophyll and they convert light energy into chemical energy by photosynthesis

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17
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

magnification = eyepiece lens (x10) x objective lens (low x4, medium x10, high x40)

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18
Q

What is the definition of an object?

A

A material that can be seen and touched

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19
Q

What is the definition of an image?

A

A visual impression obtained by a camera, telescope or other device displayed on screen

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20
Q

What is the definition of magnification?

A

The action of magnifying something or the process of being magnified

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21
Q

What is the definition of resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish two points or objects which are very close together separately so you can see more detail

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22
Q

How do light microscopes work?

A

They rely on light which reflects off of the object, passes thought the lens and bends towards the eye

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23
Q

What is the resolution of a light microscope?

A

Limited to 0.2nm (nanometres)

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24
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

They use electrons instead of light and have a 2000x times better resolution than a light microscope

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25
Q

What is the magnification of an electron microscope?

A

It can magnify an object between 1 and 50 million times

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26
Q

What is the resolution of an electron microscope?

A

Maximum resolution of 0.1nm and a minimum of 0.5nm

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27
Q

What is the difference between a light and electron microscope?

A

Electron microscopes have higher magnification and higher resolution

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28
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

I/A (Image/Actual Size)

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29
Q

What is the formula for working out the size of an image?

A

AxM (Actual size x Magnification)

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30
Q

What is the formula for the actual size of an image?

A

I/M (Image/Magnification)

31
Q

What are the two kinds of electron microscopes?

A

Scanning and transmission

32
Q

What is the difference
between scanning and transmission electron microscopes?

A

Scanning microscopes can do 3D images

33
Q

What is the meaning of eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

EU = true, PRO = no, KARY = nucleus, so eukaryotes have a nucleus and prokaryotes don’t

34
Q

What are some examples of a eukaryote?

A

Animal cells, plant cells, fungi and protista

35
Q

What are the qualities of a eukaryote?

A

They evolved from prokaryotes, they have a nucleus with a membrane and chromosomes (DNA), they are larger and more complicated and they don’t have a flagella

36
Q

What are the qualities of a prokaryote?

A

Oldest cell, they don’t have nucleus, just a loop DNA which floats freely in the cytoplasm, they’re smaller and simpler (between 0.2 and 2nm), they can multiply quickly, no membrane bound organelles, MAY contain flagella and a plasma membrane instead of a cellulose membrane

37
Q

What are some examples of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria, cynobacteria

38
Q

What are some similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

They both have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, have a plasma membrane

39
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of their high concentration to an area of their low concentration, down a concentration gradient until an equilibrium is reached

40
Q

Why do molecules move?

A

Because they have natural kinetic energy

41
Q

What is a diffusion gradient?

A

A gradient in the rates of diffusion of multiple groups of molecules through a medium

42
Q

What is osmosis?

A

A special case of diffusion involving ONLY water molecules

The net movement of water molecules moving from a low concentrated solution (dilute) to a high concentrated solution (concentrated), down a concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane, until a water equilibrium is reached

43
Q

What is osmosis?

A

A special case of diffusion involving ONLY water molecules

The net movement of water molecules moving from a high concentrated solution (concentrated) to a low concentrated solution (dilute), down a concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane, until a water equilibrium is reached

44
Q

How do you calculate % change in mass?

A

Change in Mass/State Mass x 100

45
Q

Why do we calculate % change in mass?

A

It allows you to compare results directly/meaningfully and because items may have different starting masses

46
Q

How do larger molecules, such as glucose, diffuse?

A

By using active transport

47
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, from an area of their low concentration to an area of their high concentration using energy from cellular respiration and protein carriers in the membrane

48
Q

What type of process is diffusion and osmosis?

A

Passive

49
Q

What kind of process is active transport?

A

Active

50
Q

What are some examples of diffusion?

A

Gas exchange of O2/CO2 at alveoli and CO2 diffusing into stomata

51
Q

What are some examples of osmosis?

A

Kidney tubule to make urine and root hair cells absorbing H2O

52
Q

What are some examples of active transport?

A

Kidney tubule to remove glucose from urine and root hair cells taking in minerals

53
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

A solution that is more concentrated than the cells contents

54
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

A solution that is less concentrated than the cell contents

55
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

A solution that is the same concentration as the cell contents

56
Q

Where is there more water in a hypertonic cell?

A

Outside

57
Q

Where is there more water in a hypotonic cell?

A

Inside

58
Q

Where is there more water in an isotonic cell?

A

Its equal in and out

59
Q

What is the description of a hypertonic cell?

A

Crenated

60
Q

What is the description of a hypotonic cell

A

Turgid

61
Q

Which way does the water move in a hypertonic cell?

A

Out

62
Q

Which way does the water move in a hypotonic cell?

A

In

63
Q

Which way does the water move in an isotonic cell?

A

In and out

64
Q

What is the effect on size and mass of a hypertonic cell?

A

They decrease

65
Q

What is the effect on size and mass of a hypotonic cell?

A

They increase

66
Q

What is the effect on size and mass of an isotonic cell?

A

They stay the same

67
Q

What is the unit for a micrometre?

A

μm

68
Q

What is an example of something which is a micrometre?

A

Lysosome

69
Q

What is a micrometre as a decimal?

A

0.000001

70
Q

What is the unit for a nanometre?

A

nm

71
Q

What is an example for something which is a nanometre?

A

Glucose

72
Q

What is a nanometre as a decimal?

A

0.000000001

73
Q

What is the unit for a picometre?

A

pm

74
Q

What is a picometre as a decimal?

A

0.000000000001

GCSE Biology (4 decks)

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