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COM - MOD 1 > Ch 1 - 5/2 Dobson > Flashcards

Ch 1 - 5/2 Dobson Flashcards

1
Q

SNPs and the causative genetic factor are said to be in what?

A

Linkage disequilibrium

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2
Q

What type of chromatin is lightly staining, and lightly packed?

Active or inactive?

A

Euchromatin

Active

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3
Q

Describe heterochromatin

A

Inactive, dark staining, tightly packed

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4
Q

Which histone is the linker protein?

A

H1

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5
Q

What type of residues on histones may be phosphorylated for activation or repression?

A

Serine residues

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6
Q

DNA methylation results in what?

A

Transcriptional silencing

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7
Q

Describe the process of gene silencing starting with primary miRNA.
Through what mechanisms may gene silencing occur?

A

Pri-miRNA -> pre-miRNA -> cleaved by DICER -> dsmiRNA -> ssmiRNA which associates with RISC -> target mRNA directs for translational repression or mRNA cleavage

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8
Q

How do lncRNAs modulate gene expression?

A

Bind chromatin and restrict RNA Pol (XIST) results in gene silencing

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9
Q

What are the 4 ways lncRNAs can affect DNA?

A

Gene activation
Gene suppression
Promote chromatin methylation and acetylation
Assemble protein complexes

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10
Q

In what cell types is the SER abundant in?

Used for what processes?

A

Gonads and liver

Steroid hormone and lipoprotein synthesis
Modification of hydrophobic compounds into water-soluble molecules

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11
Q

Which lipid is a marker for apoptosis?

Normally located on what face?

Also serves as what?

A

Phosphatidylserine

Inner

Cofactors for platelets in blood clotting

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12
Q

What lipid can be phosphorylated and serve as electrostatic scaffold for intracellular proteins?

Can also be what?

A

phosphatidylinositol

Hydrolyzed by PLC to generate DAG and IP3

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13
Q

What lipids are located on the inner face?

Outer face?

A

Phosphatidylserine
Phosphtidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylinositol

Phosphatidylcholine
Sphingomyelin / glycolipids

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14
Q

What is responsible for pumping polar compounds (chemotherapeutic drugs) OUT of cells and may render cancer cells resistant to treatment?

A

MDR protein

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15
Q

If a protein does not contain a signal sequence, where does translation occur?

A

Free ribosomes in the cytosol

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16
Q

In caveolae-mediated endocytosis noncoated PM invaginations are associated with what?

They are implicated with the regulation of transmembrane signaling via the internalization of what?

A

GPI-linked molecules, cAMP binding proteins, SRC kinases and the folate receptor

Receptors and Integrins

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17
Q

In muscle cells the protein myosin binds to what? This process is driven by what?

A

Actin

ATP hydrolysis

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18
Q

Cadherins are associated with what cell-cell interaction?

Integrins?

A

Desmosomes

Hemidesmosomes

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19
Q

What organelle is responsible for sequestering intracellular calcium?

A

SER

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20
Q

What process is being described?

Lysosomes fuse with endosomes/phagosomes to facilitate degradation of internalized contents

A

Heterophagy

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21
Q

What process involves senescent organelles or denatured proteins targeted for lysosomes-drive degradation by encircling them with a double membrane derived from the ER?

Activated by what?

Marked by what protein?

A

Autophagy

cell stressors

LC3 protein

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22
Q

What kind of proteins may go though the proteasome degradation pathway?

A

Cytosolic (TFs or regulatory)
Senescent
Denatured

23
Q

High levels of misfolded proteins within the ER triggers what?

Leads to what?

A

Unfolded protein response

Reduction in protein synthesis and increase in chaperone proteins to aid in refolding

24
Q

How do mitochondria initiate protein synthesis, with what?

A

N-formylMethionine

25
Q

What is it called when rapidly growing cells upregulate glucose and glutamine uptake but decrease their production of ATP per glucose molecule?

A

Warburg effect

26
Q

Wnt binds Frizzled and regulates intracellular levels of what?

The stabilized pool is able to do what?

A

Beta-catenin

Translocate to the nucleus and form a transcriptional complex

27
Q

Signaling from a Tyr kinase-based receptor involves the activation of RAS via GTP binding. What 2 downstream effects does RAS have?

(Give the both whole pathways)

A

Activates RAF -> MAPK -> activates transcription w/MYC protein and there is cell cycle progression

Or

activates PI3K -> Akt -> mTOR -> activates transcription in same way

28
Q

Which growth factor comes from mesenchymal cells?

A

VEGF

29
Q

Which growth factor enhances proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells, increases cell motility?

A

HGF (scatter factor)

30
Q

Which growth factor stimulates keratinocyte migration, proliferation, and differentiation?

Comes from where?

A

KGF (FGF-7)

Fibroblasts

31
Q

Which growth factor stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells and increases vascular permeability?

A

VEGF

32
Q

Which growth factor is chemotactic for neutrophils, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and stimulates ECM protein synthesis?

A

PDGF

33
Q

Which growth factor is chemotactic for leukocytes and fibroblasts, stimulates ECM protein synthesis, and suppresses acute inflammation?

A

TGF-B

34
Q

Which growth factor is chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts, stimulates angiogenesis and ECM protein synthesis?

A

FGFs

35
Q

Which growth factor is mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts, stimulates keratinocyte migration, and stimulates formation of granulation tissue?

A

EGF

36
Q

Which FGF is basic?

Acidic?

A

FGF-2

FGF-1

37
Q

Which growth factor stimulates proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells?

A

TGF-alpha

38
Q

What receptor associated with EGF is overexpressed in breast cancers?

A

ERBB2 (HER2)

39
Q

What is the most important inducer of VEGF?

A

Hypoxia via HIF-1

PDGF and TGF-a also are inducers

40
Q

What is the major angiogenic factor after injury and in tumors?

A

VEGF-A

41
Q

What are the fibrous structural proteins?

What do they confer?

Cross linked by what?

A

Collagens and elastin

Tensile strength and recoil

Lysyl oxidase

42
Q

Lysyl oxidase requires what?

Without it there what will result?

A

Vitamin C

Easy bleeding and poor healing

43
Q

Elastins are important in what structures?

A

Cardiac and large blood vessels

44
Q

What kind of defects lead to weakened aortic walls?

What associated syndrome?

A

Fibrillin

Marfan syndrome

45
Q

What forms highly compressible gels that confer resistance to compressive forces and provides lubrication in joint cartilages?

A

Proteoglycans and hyaluronan

46
Q

What makes up the basement membrane?

A

Type 4 collagen

Laminin

47
Q

What makes up the interstitial matrix?

A

Fibronectin
Elastin
Proteoglycans
Hyaluronate

48
Q

Which CDKIs inhibit all CDKs?

A

p21, p27, p57

49
Q

What is the G1 to S regulator?

What is monitored here?

A

E-CDK2
D-CDK4 and D-CDK6

Integrity of the DNA

50
Q

What INK4 inhibitors will act on D-CDK4 and D-CDK6?

A

p15, p16, p18, p19

51
Q

The S phase requires what cyclins and cdk’s to be active?

A

A-CDK2 and A-CDK1

52
Q

The G2 to M transition requires what cyclin/cdk?

A

B-CDK1

53
Q

What type of DNA variation is bi-allelic, involves gene-coding sequences and may be responsible for phenotypic differences?

A

CNV (copy # variation)

COM - MOD 1 (7 decks)

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