Ch 1 - 5/2 Dobson

Question 1

SNPs and the causative genetic factor are said to be in what?

Answer 1

Linkage disequilibrium

Question 2

What type of chromatin is lightly staining, and lightly packed?

Active or inactive?

Answer 2

Euchromatin

Active

Question 3

Describe heterochromatin

Answer 3

Inactive, dark staining, tightly packed

Question 4

Which histone is the linker protein?

Answer 4

H1

Question 5

What type of residues on histones may be phosphorylated for activation or repression?

Answer 5

Serine residues

Question 6

DNA methylation results in what?

Answer 6

Transcriptional silencing

Question 7

Describe the process of gene silencing starting with primary miRNA.
Through what mechanisms may gene silencing occur?

Answer 7

Pri-miRNA -> pre-miRNA -> cleaved by DICER -> dsmiRNA -> ssmiRNA which associates with RISC -> target mRNA directs for translational repression or mRNA cleavage

Question 8

How do lncRNAs modulate gene expression?

Answer 8

Bind chromatin and restrict RNA Pol (XIST) results in gene silencing

Question 9

What are the 4 ways lncRNAs can affect DNA?

Answer 9

Gene activation
Gene suppression
Promote chromatin methylation and acetylation
Assemble protein complexes

Question 10

In what cell types is the SER abundant in?

Used for what processes?

Answer 10

Gonads and liver

Steroid hormone and lipoprotein synthesis
Modification of hydrophobic compounds into water-soluble molecules

Question 11

Which lipid is a marker for apoptosis?

Normally located on what face?

Also serves as what?

Answer 11

Phosphatidylserine

Inner

Cofactors for platelets in blood clotting

Question 12

What lipid can be phosphorylated and serve as electrostatic scaffold for intracellular proteins?

Can also be what?

Answer 12

phosphatidylinositol

Hydrolyzed by PLC to generate DAG and IP3

Question 13

What lipids are located on the inner face?

Outer face?

Answer 13

Phosphatidylserine
Phosphtidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylinositol

Phosphatidylcholine
Sphingomyelin / glycolipids

Question 14

What is responsible for pumping polar compounds (chemotherapeutic drugs) OUT of cells and may render cancer cells resistant to treatment?

Answer 14

MDR protein

Question 15

If a protein does not contain a signal sequence, where does translation occur?

Answer 15

Free ribosomes in the cytosol

Question 16

In caveolae-mediated endocytosis noncoated PM invaginations are associated with what?

They are implicated with the regulation of transmembrane signaling via the internalization of what?

Answer 16

GPI-linked molecules, cAMP binding proteins, SRC kinases and the folate receptor

Receptors and Integrins

Question 17

In muscle cells the protein myosin binds to what? This process is driven by what?

Answer 17

Actin

ATP hydrolysis

Question 18

Cadherins are associated with what cell-cell interaction?

Integrins?

Answer 18

Desmosomes

Hemidesmosomes

Question 19

What organelle is responsible for sequestering intracellular calcium?

Answer 19

SER

Question 20

What process is being described?

Lysosomes fuse with endosomes/phagosomes to facilitate degradation of internalized contents

Answer 20

Heterophagy

Question 21

What process involves senescent organelles or denatured proteins targeted for lysosomes-drive degradation by encircling them with a double membrane derived from the ER?

Activated by what?

Marked by what protein?

Answer 21

Autophagy

cell stressors

LC3 protein

Question 22

What kind of proteins may go though the proteasome degradation pathway?

Answer 22

Cytosolic (TFs or regulatory)
Senescent
Denatured

Question 23

High levels of misfolded proteins within the ER triggers what?

Leads to what?

Answer 23

Unfolded protein response

Reduction in protein synthesis and increase in chaperone proteins to aid in refolding

Question 24

How do mitochondria initiate protein synthesis, with what?

Answer 24

N-formylMethionine

Question 25

What is it called when rapidly growing cells upregulate glucose and glutamine uptake but decrease their production of ATP per glucose molecule?

Answer 25

Warburg effect

Question 26

Wnt binds Frizzled and regulates intracellular levels of what? The stabilized pool is able to do what?

Answer 26

Beta-catenin Translocate to the nucleus and form a transcriptional complex

Question 27

Signaling from a Tyr kinase-based receptor involves the activation of RAS via GTP binding. What 2 downstream effects does RAS have? (Give the both whole pathways)

Answer 27

Activates RAF -> MAPK -> activates transcription w/MYC protein and there is cell cycle progression Or activates PI3K -> Akt -> mTOR -> activates transcription in same way

Question 28

Which growth factor comes from mesenchymal cells?

Answer 28

VEGF

Question 29

Which growth factor enhances proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells, increases cell motility?

Answer 29

HGF (scatter factor)

Question 30

Which growth factor stimulates keratinocyte migration, proliferation, and differentiation? Comes from where?

Answer 30

KGF (FGF-7) Fibroblasts

Question 31

Which growth factor stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells and increases vascular permeability?

Answer 31

VEGF

Question 32

Which growth factor is chemotactic for neutrophils, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and stimulates ECM protein synthesis?

Answer 32

PDGF

Question 33

Which growth factor is chemotactic for leukocytes and fibroblasts, stimulates ECM protein synthesis, and suppresses acute inflammation?

Answer 33

TGF-B

Question 34

Which growth factor is chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts, stimulates angiogenesis and ECM protein synthesis?

Answer 34

FGFs

Question 35

Which growth factor is mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts, stimulates keratinocyte migration, and stimulates formation of granulation tissue?

Answer 35

EGF

Question 36

Which FGF is basic? Acidic?

Answer 36

FGF-2 FGF-1

Question 37

Which growth factor stimulates proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells?

Answer 37

TGF-alpha

Question 38

What receptor associated with EGF is overexpressed in breast cancers?

Answer 38

ERBB2 (HER2)

Question 39

What is the most important inducer of VEGF?

Answer 39

Hypoxia via HIF-1 PDGF and TGF-a also are inducers

Question 40

What is the major angiogenic factor after injury and in tumors?

Answer 40

VEGF-A

Question 41

What are the fibrous structural proteins? What do they confer? Cross linked by what?

Answer 41

Collagens and elastin Tensile strength and recoil Lysyl oxidase

Question 42

Lysyl oxidase requires what? Without it there what will result?

Answer 42

Vitamin C Easy bleeding and poor healing

Question 43

Elastins are important in what structures?

Answer 43

Cardiac and large blood vessels

Question 44

What kind of defects lead to weakened aortic walls? What associated syndrome?

Answer 44

Fibrillin Marfan syndrome

Question 45

What forms highly compressible gels that confer resistance to compressive forces and provides lubrication in joint cartilages?

Answer 45

Proteoglycans and hyaluronan

Question 46

What makes up the basement membrane?

Answer 46

Type 4 collagen | Laminin

Question 47

What makes up the interstitial matrix?

Answer 47

Fibronectin Elastin Proteoglycans Hyaluronate

Question 48

Which CDKIs inhibit all CDKs?

Answer 48

p21, p27, p57

Question 49

What is the G1 to S regulator? What is monitored here?

Answer 49

E-CDK2 D-CDK4 and D-CDK6 Integrity of the DNA

Question 50

What INK4 inhibitors will act on D-CDK4 and D-CDK6?

Answer 50

p15, p16, p18, p19

Question 51

The S phase requires what cyclins and cdk's to be active?

Answer 51

A-CDK2 and A-CDK1

Question 52

The G2 to M transition requires what cyclin/cdk?

Answer 52

B-CDK1

Question 53

What type of DNA variation is bi-allelic, involves gene-coding sequences and may be responsible for phenotypic differences?

Answer 53

CNV (copy # variation)