Ch 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 Flashcards
Group definition
People located in a particular space that interact and have shared values and common characteristics
What differentiates community nutrition
Focus on groups rather than individuals
Focus on prevention of disease
Mandated fortification in US
1) refined grains - Fe, folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin
2) milk - vit D and A
3) salt - iodine
Difference between community nutrition and public health nutrition
Public health usually employed by gov and community nutrition usually work for a nonprofit
Def public health
Organized effort by society to protect, promote and restore people’s health through application of science, skills and organized effort
Science that public health is built on
Epidemiology
Def epidemiology
Study of disease in populations
WHO
Public health department for the world - part of UN
Three arenas of community nutrition
People
Policies
Programs
Challenges for community nutrition
1) increased diversity
2) increased demand for food and nut services
3) aging population
4) 21st century lifestyle (eg, spread out, transportation)
5) generational diversity
6) increased awareness of environmental issues
7) global challenges (eg, Ebola moves place to place)
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
USDA purposes
1) grow as much food as possible and support farmers
2) take care of nutrition in US
- purposes in conflict in times of plenty
DHHS or HHS
dept of Health and Human Services
Purpose of DHHS
Health department for US - responsible for health of US
- runs some programs for elderly
TEFAP
The Emergency Food Assistance Program
TEFAP run by, and function
Run by USDA
USDA buys food to keep food prices high for farmers - now food gets shipped to states and given to food banks, who in turn give to food pantries and soup kitchens
Food bank
Receives and warehouses food - does not give directly to people, but to food pantries and soup kitchens
Food pantry
Receives food from food bank and gives to people to take home and eat at home
Soup kitchen
Receives food from food banks and Steve’s people to eat the food at the soup kitchen
Who determines which people can get TEFAP food
States set requirements
Counties have to apply to get the food
Adjunctive eligibility
If you are in one government program you are automatically eligible for another - eg, automatically eligible for TEFAP if on Medicaid or food stamps
Amount of money spent on TEFAP last year
$318 million - $269 million on food and $49 million on admin
Largest food bank
Feeding America
CSA
Community supported agriculture - buy a share of farm and get a box of produce as long as food keeps coming
Number of languages spoken in the world
6500
Top 6 languages spoken in order
Chinese (mandarin) Spanish English Hindi Arabic Portuguese
SNAP
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
Replaced the food stamp books
EBT - Electronic Benefits Transfer cards
Why Colorado changed to EBT?
Fraud - by people and by stores
How much money goes to stores every year from SNAP
$70 billion
Why are there 88 states for SNAP
50 states plus PR, Guam, US Virgin Islands, Samoa, DC, plus ITOs (Indian Tribal Organizations)
How does the government determine how much $ you get for SNAP?
Thrifty meal plan amount, less the income they decide you should be able to spend on food.
Who creates the thrifty meal plan?
USDA
How qualify for SNAP?
- earn < 130% of the poverty level
- stuff gets subtracted out - med expenses, spousal support - need to get you below 100%
- then look at assets - state rules
- must be a US citizen or legal immigrant
Who runs SNAP?
USDA, specifically Food and Nutrition Service
What is a land grant school?
Government gave land to a school in every state which is the agricultural school of the state
- where premier nutrition program is located
- must form cooperative extension program to pass on the knowledge to the people of the state
Payoff for every $1 gov puts into SNAP?
$1.83 in economic activity
Policy def
Course of action by public officials to address a problem (or inaction of not addressing problem)
Problem def
Significant gap between current reality and desired state of affairs
Three branches of gov
Executive - president and everyone who works for him
Legislative - congress
Judicial - courts
Def “street level bureaucrat”
Gov official that has contact with people and can make policy even though unofficial
Steps to making policy
1) problem definition and agenda setting
2) formulating alternatives
3) policy adoption
4) policy implementation
5) policy evaluation
6) policy termination
How many executive departments
15
Secretary of USDA
Thomas Vilsack
Secretary of DHHS
Silvia Burwell
Name of Surgeon General
Vivek Murthy
Departments of interest under USDA
Food and Nutrition Service
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion
Departments of interest under DHHS
CDC FDA National Institutes of Health Indian Health Services Administration on Aging Medicare/Medicaid
Jobs of Surgeon General
To know latest science and speak out on it
To run the US Public Health Service Commission Corps
Docs that contain Rules of Fed Gov
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
FR - Federal Register
How many are in House of Representatives
435
Tradition because that is how many seats there are
Term of Representative
2 years
How many Representatives per state?
Depends on population - changes every 10 yrs based on census
How many representatives do you vote for?
One - based on which district you live in
How many senators are there?
100
How many senators from each state?
2
What is the term for a senator?
6 years - staggered so 1/3 up for reelection every 2 years
How long is a session of congress
2 years - until election
How many senators do you vote for?
2
Colorado’s senators
Cory Gardiner
Michael Bennett
Who can sponsor a bill?
Only congress person
What are the two kinds of laws
Laws that create policies
Appropriations
When does the federal year start
Oct 1
Named for the next calendar year
What happens if Congress doesn’t pass the budget
No appropriations to fund government and could shut down
Continuing resolution
What Congress passes to continue running gov on previous budget until they pass the new budget - can be for any length of time
How can a store qualify to take SNAP benefits
Either
1) 51% of sales are SNAP eligible food
Or
2) have to sell 3 different foods from fruit/veg, dairy, meat/poultry/fish and grains - two of the groups must have at least 3 foods that are perishable
What is a PAC
Political Action Committee
- raise money to donate to politicians’ campaigns
Lobbyists function
To present info to politicians to try to sway them to vote a certain way
Evidence that we have a national nutrition agenda
- gov pays for more than 50% healthcare even before ACA
- gov subsidizes insurance because premiums are pretax
- ## fortify food
What is US national health policy called?
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Who puts out Dietary Guidelines and how often
USDA and DHHS - every 5 years
Who puts out MyPlate and what is its purpose?
USDA - purpose is to make technical mess of Dietary Guidelines understandable
Who creates DRIs
Not the gov but a subgroup go the National Academies called the Institute of Medicine - group of scientists
Nutrition monitoring is
Nutrition info collected occasionally from public
Nutrition surveillance
Nutrition info collected continuously from public
NHANES stands for
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
MEC stands for
Mobile Examination Centers (part of NHANES)
Subset of NHANES that you can get data from online
What We Eat in America
Who runs What We Eat in America Survey and who analyzes it
DHHS runs it and USDA analyzes
BRFSS stands for
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Who runs BRFSS?
CDC (DHHS)
YRBS
Youth Rish Behavior Surveillance System
- kid version of BRFSS - 9-12th grades
- objective (weigh and measure) and subjective questions
- done every 2 years
PRAMS
Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System
Total Diet Study is
Four times per year 234 foods get shipped to a US laboratory and scientists analyze the food to see what is in it - looking for vitamins, minerals and toxins
Food disappearance data
Detailed records of a country’s food production, imports, exports
Production - exports - industrial uses - animal uses + imports = total
How to do a community needs assessment
1) define problem
2) set parameters
3) collect data - community, background, individuals
4) analyze/interpret data
5) share findings
6) set priorities
7) choose action plan
Def of goals
Broad statements about something you want to do
Def objectives
Something you can actually measure
All good objectives need
Baseline data
Reliable data source
Target level
Timeline
Who to talk to when collecting data
Key informants - not affected but have knowledge
Stakeholders - those affected
GIS
Geographic Information System - all public data feeding into one place
