ch 1-2 Flashcards
refers to forward or front part of the body or forward part of an organ
anterior (ventral)
refers to back part of the body or organ
posterior (dorsal)
superior surface of the foot is referred to as the __ surface
dorsal
refers to parts away from the head of the body
caudad
refers to parts toward the head of the body
cephalad
refers to nearer the feet or situated below
inferior
refers to nearer the head or situated above
superior
refers to middle area or main part of an organ
central
refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
peripheral
refers to part or parts on other side of the body
contralateral
refers to part or parts on the same side of the body
ipsilateral
refers to parts away from median plane of body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left
lateral
refers to parts toward median plane of body or toward the middle of another plane
medial
refers to parts far from the surface
deep
refers to parts near skin or surface
superficial
refers to parts farthest from point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from the center of the body
distal
refers to parts nearer point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; toward the center of the body
proximal
refers to parts outside an organ or on outside of body
external
refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ
internal
refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity
parietal
refers to the covering of an organ
visceral
refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back of posterior surface of the hand
dorsum
refers to the palm of the hand
palmar
refers to the sole of the foot
plantar
structures that are less dense and permit the xray beam to pass through them
radiolucent
cannot be penetrated easily by xrays
radiopaque
composed of striated muscular tissue and are controlled by the central nervous system.
voluntary muscles
the visceral (organ) muscles are composed of smooth tissue and are controlled partially by the autonomic nervous system
involuntary muscles
distance between the object and the image receptor
object to image receptor (OID)
the greater the OID, the greater the
magnification
distance between the xray tube and the image receptor
source to image receptor (SID)
the greater the SID the less
magnification
cleft or deep groove
fissure
hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves
foramen
pit, fovea, or hollow space
fossa
shallow linear channel
groove
tube-like passageway running within a bone
meatus
indentation into border of a bone
notch
recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space
sinus
furrow, trench, or fissure-like depression
sulcus
device that receives the energy of the xray beam and forms the image of the body part
image receptor
3 general image receptor positions
longitudinal, horizontal, corner to corner
the part being examined is typically centered to the center point of the
image receptor
___ placement is most often used
longitudinal
central or prime beam of rays
central ray
typically centered to the IR unless displacement is being utilized
central ray
distance from the anode inside the xray tube to the IR
source-to-image receptor distance
ability to visualize small structures
spacial resolution
longer SID ___ ___ and increases spatial resolution
reduces magnification
distance between the xray tube and the skin of the patient
source-to-skin distance (SSD)
restriction of the xray beam
collimation
purposes of collimation
reduces scatter radiation and minimizes amount of radiation to patient
collimation is __ exposure, shuttering is __ exposure
pre, post
“cropping”
shuttering
images are usually oriented referring to the patients ___ __
anatomic position
exceptions to anatomic position
digits, hands, forearms, and feet
images should be placed the the same direction as the patients position
lateral radiographs
images should be placed referring the patients anatomic position for __ radiographs
oblique
structure of the body
anatomy
study of the function of the bodys organs
physiology
study of the body relating to the bones
osteology
what is important in positioning
body planes
what are the 4 body planes
sagittal, coronal,horizontal, oblique
body plane that divides the body into right and left portions
sagittal
body plane that divides the right and left body planes in equal portions
midsagittal
body plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portion
coronal
body plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
horizontal
body plane that passes through the body at any angle between the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal
oblique
two main cavities
thoracic (above diaphragm) and abdominal (below diaphragm)
four quadrants of the abdomen
right upper (RUQ) & right lower(RLQ)
left upper (LUQ) & left lower (LLQ)
what region of the abdomen contains Rt. hypochondrium, epigastrium, & lt. hypochondrium
superior divison
what region of the abdomen contains rt. lateral, umbilical, & lt. lateral
middle divison
what region of the abdomen contains rt. inguinal, hypogastrium, & lt. inguinal
inferior division
4 body types (habitus)
sthenic, hyposthenic, asthenic, hypersthenic
body type that is massive
hypersthenic
body types that is average
sthenic
body type that is slender
hyposthenic
body type that is very slender
asthenic
how many primary bones in the human body
206
strong, dense, outer layer of bone
compact bone
less dense inner layer of bone
spongy bones
interconnecting spaces located within the spongy bone filled with yellow and red marrow
trabeculae
central cavity of long bones
medullary cavity
knoblike projections where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach
tubercles/tuberosities
small opening where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the bone
foramina
development and formation of bones
ossification
bone found only in the limbs
long bone
bone that consist mainly of a long cylindric shaft called the body and two enlarged rounded ends that contain a slippery articular surface
long bone
bone that consists mainly of cancellous bone containing red marrow and have a thing layer of compact bone
short bones
the femur and humerus are
long bones
the only two short bones are
the carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal bones of the ankle
the vertebrae and the bones in the pelvis are what type of bones
irregular
the shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
development of separate bones at the end of long bones
epiphysis
limbs and digits are
long bones
carpals and tarsals are
short bones
the cranium, sternum, and scapula are what bones
flat bones
the vertebrae, plevis and facial bones are
irregular
the patella bone is a
sesamoid bone
synarthroses are
immovable joints
amphiarthroses are
slightly movable joints
diarthroses are
freely movable joints
path of the central ray as it exits the xray tube and goes through the patient to the image receptor
projection
overall posture of the patient or general body position
position
specific placement of the body part in relation to the radiographic table or IR during imaging
position
term used to describe the body part as seen by the image recpetor
view
specific radiographic projection that the individual developed
method
movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part
abduct or abduction
movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body part
adduct or adduction
straightening of a joint; normal position of a joint; in anatomic position
extension
act of bending a joint
flexion
forced or excessive extension of a limb or joints
hyperextension
forced overflexion of a limb or joints
hyperflexion
outward turning of the foot at the ankle
evert
inward turning of the foot at the ankle
invert
rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up (in anatomic position)
supinate
rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down
pronate
turning or rotating of the body or a body part around its axis
rotate
circular movement of a limb
circumduction
tipping or slanting a body part slightly
tilt
turning away of the regular standard or course
deviation
