Ch. 09 - Words and Phrases (Clitics)

Question 1

Compound or phrase? Stems and independent noun phrases

Answer 1

If the stems of a compound cannot create an independent noun phrase, it must be a compound.

Question 2

Compound or phrase? Idiomaticity

Answer 2

Idiomaticity is a typical property of compounds (the parts of the word do not directly relate to the meaning of the compound)

Question 3

Compound or phrase? generic dependent nouns

Answer 3

the dependent noun in almost all compounds refers to, not a particular referent, but its class in general. (piano-tuner doesn’t tune only one piano, it tunes pianos in general)

Question 4

Compound or phrase? Referential dependent nouns

Answer 4

While we generic nouns don’t always mean compound, we can be fairly certain that if the dependent noun refers to one particular thing it is a phrase.

Question 5

Compound or phrase? phonological cohesion

Answer 5

compounds tend to exhibit greater cohesion than do phrases - e.g. stress patterns will be cohesive in a compound but they will remain the same in a noun phrase goldfish vs. gold metal

Question 6

Compound or phrase? morphological cohesion

Answer 6

Inflection in noun phrases tend to be placed on the noun head rather then the end.

Question 7

Compound or phrase? syntactic cohesion

Answer 7

The words in phrases are often separable, which means that other words are able to intervene in the phrase. In compounds, words cannot come in between the elements. Also expandibility - phrases can be expanded to include things like adjectives and adverbs, but compounds cannot be expanded in such a way

Question 8

compound or phrase? coordination ellipsis

Answer 8

One of two identical elements in a phrase are able to be left out, but this is not possible in a compound - the large fish and small fish were… –> the large and small fish were….
as opposed to:
the flying fish and small fish were…
*the flying and small fish were…

Question 9

What is a clitic?

Answer 9

a word that is not included in prosody (pronunciation) and only exists for the purpose of syntax - they cannot exist on their own and must “lean on” a prosodic host

Question 10

What are bound forms?

Answer 10

morphemes that cannot exist on their own - affixes and clitics

Question 11

What are free forms?

Answer 11

morphemes that are able to exist on their own - canonical word-forms

Question 12

Clitic or word-form? prosodic dependence

Answer 12

clitics cannot be independent - they must “lean on” a prosodic host

Question 13

Clitic or word-form? Stress

Answer 13

Clitics can never bear their own stress. In addition, free forms can exhibit contrastic stress. You can say PAUL started to PLAY, but not Paul startED to play or Paul started TO play

Question 14

Clitic or affix? Host selection

Answer 14

Clitics have freedom of host selection which means that they can attach to various syntactic categories without having to be related to them. Affixes are limited in host selection in that they can only attach to stems to which they are syntactically related.

Question 15

Clitc or affix? prosodical integration

Answer 15

clitics are not as prosodically integrated to stems as are affixes. That is, derived affixes allow base modification whereas clitics don’t really have to follow the rules of pronounciation when they are attached

Question 16

Clitic or affix? crossing boundaries

Answer 16

Morphophological rules don’t tend to apply across boundaries of clitics and their hosts, but they definitely do with affixes and stems.

Question 17

What is a simple clitic?

Answer 17

one that can appear in the same syntactic positions as a corresponding free form, just not independently (it’s in place of it is)

Question 18

Clitic or affix? Arbitrariness

Answer 18

clitics tend to be inflected and so they do not have arbitrary gaps. Affixes, however, may have arbitrary gaps.

Question 19

What is the Lexical Integrity Hypothesis?

Answer 19

Rules of syntax can refer or apply to entire words or the properties of entire words, but not to the internal parts of words or their properties.