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CGIER > CGIER 28 - Regulation of Respiration and Gas transport > Flashcards

CGIER 28 - Regulation of Respiration and Gas transport Flashcards

1
Q

where and how does gas move?

A

gases in alveoli reach equilibrium in blood by diffusion across the pulmonary epithelium and capillary walls

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2
Q

where does diffusion come from

A

This diffusion results from the differences in the partial pressure of these gases between the alveoli and the blood.

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3
Q

partial pressure

A

pressure of an individual in a mixture of gases

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4
Q

Dalton’s law

A

total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to sum of individual gases partial pressure

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5
Q

barometric pressure at sea level

A

typically supports a column of mercury 760mm high.

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6
Q

fick’s law

A

amount of O2 or CO2 that diffuses across membrane of alveolus depend on difference in partial pressure between membrane and surface area of the membrane

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7
Q

under what conditions do gases diffuse faster

A

the difference in pressure or the surface area increases

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8
Q

describe solubility of oxygen in transport in arterial blood

A

poor solubility in blood 20ml per 100 ml blood

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9
Q

how many litres of oxygen is dissovled in 5L of blood

A

1.25 mL

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10
Q

`where does the remaining 98.5% of oxygen 1.5% of the oxygen is dissolved in blood

A

transported and bound to hemolgobin within red blood cells

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11
Q

how is oxygen molecule dissolved

A

2% are dissolved in blood plasma
98% dissolved in red blood cell to combine w/ haemoglobin(Hb) = oxyhaemoglobin
moves to capillary bed
low partial pressure of oxygen in capillary bed = oxygen separates from Hb and is dissolved plasma in cell for respiration

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12
Q

what peptide chains does the haemoglobin contain?

A

2 alpha and 2 beta

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13
Q

what does each polypeptide chain in haemoglobin contain

A

each polypeptide chain contains haem at the centre -iron atom bound to centre
can bind to 4 oxygen molecules

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14
Q

function of oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve

A

The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the percentage saturation of haemoglobin in the blood

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15
Q

describe relationship w/ oxygen conc and haemoglobin

A

oxygen concentration increases there is a progressive increase in the binding to haemoglobin - highest in the pulmonary capillaries

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16
Q

describe shape of function of oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve

A

The relationship is not linear but sigmoid, due to the cooperative binding of oxygen to haemoglobin

17
Q

factors that influence binding or release oxygen in hemoglobin

A

pH, carbon dioxide concentration, 2,3-BPG and temperature.

18
Q

what does right shift in Oxygen-haemoglobin Dissociation Curve mean?

A 
decreased oxygen affinity of haemoglobin (gives up more Oxygen)
caused by;
increased CO2 partial pressure
H+ ions or pH low
increase Temp
19
Q

what does left shift in Oxygen-haemoglobin Dissociation Curve

A

increased affinity for oxygen, ie. haemoglobin binds oxygen more easily, but unloads it more reluctantly
low CO2 partial pressure
low H+ ions low temp

20
Q

How does carbon dioxide produce H+ ions bicarbonate ions and make blood more acidic

A

CO2 reacts with water in plasma to make carbonic acid broken down byenzyme carbonic anhydrase
dissolution of carbonic acid = bicarbonate H+ ions

21
Q

bohr effect

A

when CO2 reacts with water in plasma weak carbonic acid is formed - increases blood pH
higher CO2 conc = increased acidity
oxyhaemoglobin release O2 more readily in acidic cond.
displayed in oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve,

22
Q

end result of H+ ions binding to specific amino acid residue

A

Binding of H+ ions to specific amino acid residues on the globin chain stabilises haemoglobin in a low affinity state and promotes release of oxygen

23
Q

what other substance induces a similar reaction to oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve like CO2

A

lactic acid released from active muscles also lowers blood pH and has a similar effect on the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve

24
Q

by how much can exercise increase cardiac output and by how much can it increase oxygen delivery

A

cardiac output - 5 times

oxygen delivery - 15 times

25
Q

3 ways to transport CO2

A
  1. dissolved in solution
  2. buffered with water as carbonic acid
  3. bound to proteins, particularly haemoglobin
26
Q

how much CO2 is produced a minute

A

200 ml a minute

27
Q

what % of oxygen consumed is used at rest and thus what is its respiratory quotient

A

80%

0.8

28
Q

2 ways in which CO2 carried in rbc

A

carboaminohaemoglobin - 20%

as bicarbonate - 75%

29
Q

explain how CO2 is carried within rbc as carboaminohaemoglobin

A

CO2 bind to haemoglobin in different location from o2
reversible reaction
Low CO2 conc - CO2 is released from haemoglobin
low CO2 partial pressure = Hb and CO2 separate
high CO2 partial pressure - CO2 combine w/ Hb

30
Q

explain how CO2 is carried within rbc as bicarbonate

A

In plasma-carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid
reaction increased with enzyme carbonic anhydrase
Carbonic acid = unstable intermediate molecule quickly dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

31
Q

describe chloride shift

A
  1. CO2 converted into bicarbonate - high CO2 uptake - large amount of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ion
  2. High amount of H+ made from converting CO2 to bicarbonate can combine w/ carbonic acid - alters blood pH
    Haemoglobin combine w/ carbonic acid to limit shift
  3. CO2 and H2O diffuse in RBC but H+ and carbonic acid can’t pass thru membrane
  4. Bicarbonate w/ transport protein is moved out of RBC in exchanged for Cl-
32
Q

calculate partial pressure of oxygen at sea level

A

21% of air is oxygen

760 x 0.21 = 160

33
Q

rate of diffusion according to Fick’s law

A

k x A x (P2-P1)/D
k = diffusion constant
A = area for gas exchange
D = distance/thickness of barrier

34
Q

how come the partial pressure varies across different parts of the body?

A

Conc. of oxygen varies across the body. = Partial pressure varies across the body
e.g. Partial pressure drops in tissue and in veins as the oxygen as been transported to cells through capillary beds

35
Q

oxygen carrying capacity

A

maximum amount of oxygen that haemoglobin can transport - 4

36
Q

oxygen content

A

actual amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin

haemoglobin isn’t always filled with its 4 oxygen molecules

37
Q

oxygen saturation

A

ratio of oxygen content to oxygen-carrying capacity

38
Q

how many ml of oxygen dissolved in the blood will be released in the tissue?

A

5ml oxygen per 100ml of blood

rest of 15 ml is in venous blood

39
Q

reverse chloride shift

A

When blood reaches lungs, bicarbonate moves back into RBC in exchange for Cl-
H+ ions dissociate from Hb and binds to bicarbonate ion
Forms carbonic acid -> CO2 w/ help of carbon anhydrase
CO2 is exhaled thru lungs

CGIER (17 decks)

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