Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CGIER > CGIER 26 - Haemodialysis and dialysis dementia > Flashcards

CGIER 26 - Haemodialysis and dialysis dementia Flashcards

1
Q

primary organs of excretion

A

skin
kidneys
lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

location of kidneys

A

beside the spin in your back within the ribcage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

size and colour of kidneys

A

small ~ 10cm long with reddish-brown colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what enters the kidney through the artery

A

all blood components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what leaves the kidney and return to the blood through the vein

A

proteins
nutrients
water
some ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what leaves the kidney through the ureter

A

waste
controlled amounts of water
ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

metabolic waste removed from kidney

A

urea
uric acid
creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what else do kidneys control directly and how?

A

controlling base - make or remove HCO3-

adjust levels of phosphate buffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is uric acid produced

A

product of breakdown of purine nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how is creatinine produced

A

by product of breakdown of creatine phosphate energy usage in muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

name of condition if blood is too acidic

A

acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name of condition if blood is too basic

A

alkylosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

purpose of blood entering kidney

A

filter blood of excess fluid, waste products and unwanted chemicals in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how much urine does the body produce each day

A

1.5 litres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can the body be impacted if the kidney is not working properly or is diseased?

A

build up of waste products in the system - life threatening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how are kidney diseases treated?

A

with medication, dialysis or kidney transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how can kidneys be impaired?

A 
infections
poisoning
lesions
tumours
kidney stone formation
shock
circulatory problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 2 most common causes of kidney disease

A

diabetes

high blood pressure

19
Q

what does diabetes and high blood pressure lead to?

A

uremic poisoning - build up of nitrogenous waste products that are usually excreted in the urin

20
Q

name 3 waste products that quantity of them that can be accumulated in 1 day

A

urea 21g/day
creatinine 1.8g/day
Uric acid 480mg/day

21
Q

consequences of accumulation of uric acid

A

gout or kidney stones

22
Q

how is gout formed?

A

uric acid + sodium ions = sodium urate - salt of uric acid

when the rate of formation of sodium urate is greater than the rate of elimination of sodium urate gout is formed

23
Q

what is gout?

A

crystals of the salt precipitate in joints.- cause inflammation and pain
often lead to arthritis

24
Q

cause of kidney stones

A

salt of uric acid precipitate in kidneys

25
Q

what is chronic kidney diseases

A

progressive loss of kidney function can lead to kidney failure

26
Q

examples and causes of chronic kidney diseases

A

water retention -> oedema
H+ increases -> acidosis
Nitrogen waster build up -> uremia

27
Q

what can leaving chronic kidney diseases lead to?

A

Can lead to coma and eventually death

28
Q

what is oedema?

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin in one or more cavities of the body

29
Q

what determines the amount of interstitial fluid accumulated beneath the skin in oedema?

A

determined by balance in fluid homeostasis
increases secretion of fluid in interstitium or
impaired removal of fluid

30
Q

sequence of events following chronic kidney disease

A

progressive loss of kidney function
kidney failure
decrease in glomerular filtration rate
kidneys unable to maintain homeostasis of blood
Homeostatic balance of water, sodium, potassium, calcium & other salts no longer possible
Nitrogenous wastes not excreted

31
Q

what causes the retention of water that leads to oedema from kidneys

A

kidney failure - salt retention - water retention - oedema

32
Q

what %age of the function may be lost before a person is aware that the kidneys are failing

A

80%

this is called end stage renal failure

33
Q

ways to treat end stage renal failure

A

artificial kidney

haemodialysis

34
Q

haemodialysis

A

the removal of soluble waste products from the bloodstream by means of a membrane.

35
Q

what can and can’t pass through the membrane in haemodialysis

A

soluble particles can diffuse through the membrane

plasma proteins and blood cells can’t

36
Q

function of haemodialysis

A

replaces the dialysis function of kidney and uses artificial membrane to clean the blood

37
Q

how does haemodialysis work to remove the waste products bigger than or the same size as blood components needed to live and why?

A

contain a semi permeable membrane and an isotonic solution of the ions and components we want to keep in the blood called a dialysate solution where we continuously replenish the dialysate solution so we never have a build up of waste products to disrupt the equilibrium and prevent waste products to move back into the blood

38
Q

what must be taken into consideration and monitored when using dialysis?

A

anti-coagulent
rate of blood flow
blood pressure
blood temperature

39
Q

how does haemodialysis work?

A 
blood passes from artery through long coiled cellophane tube - dialysing membrane
anti-coagulent heparin is used
patients receive iron and calcium intravenously to increase blood cell prod.
dialysate solution (isotonic solution of essential blood and essential components as big as waste products) circulates outside cellophane tube
40
Q

key components in dialysate

A 
sodium
chloride
calcium
potassium
magnesium
mostly water
41
Q

why is concentration of components in dialysis important

A

high levels of sodium -> hypernatraemia
improper levels of ca2+ and Mg2+ -> bone disease
traces of Cu ->fatalities

42
Q

dialysis dementia

A

people on home dialysis become insane (1 in 10)

43
Q

symptoms of dialysis dementia

A 
Stuttering and twitching,
slurred speech,
delusions, 
coma, 
death.
44
Q

causes of dialysis dementia

A

aluminium poisoning - high aluminium water supply
dialysis exposed blood to large volumes of water containing large amounts of aluminium
people on dialysis can’t excrete Al properly

CGIER (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions